He maha ngā momo matū horoi. E ai ki te putanga, ko ngā matū horoi anionic te 56%, ko ngā matū horoi kore-ionic te 36%, ko ngā matū horoi amphoteric te 5%, me ngā matū horoi cationic te 3%.
2. Ngā Kaihoroi Anionic
2.1 Ngā Kaiwhakaora Anionic Momo-Hūpōnate
Ko ngā momo surfactants noa ko te sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate me te sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Ko te konutai konutai alkylbenzene sulfonate, e mōhiotia ana ko LAS, ABS rānei, he paura mā, he mātotoru rānei, he kowhai mārama, he totoka pakarukaru rānei, ka wairewa ki te wai. Kāore e tino wairewa i te wai i ngā pāmahana iti, ā, ko tōna wairewatanga kei raro iho i te 3 i roto i te wai i te pāmahana rūma, engari he tino pai tōna wairewatanga i roto i ngā pūnaha surfactant matū. He pai tōna pumau ki ngā kawakore, ngā waikawa waimeha me te wai mārō, me te pāmahana pirau o te 240℃. Ko tōna taupū whakapataritari o te otinga 10% he 5.0, ko te tere pirau moroiti kei waenga i te 80% ki te 90%, ā, ko te uara LD50 he 1300 ki te 2500 mg/kg.
Ko te whakarāpopototanga o te konutai alpha-olefin sulfonate ko AOS. Ina kei waenga i te 38% me te 40% te nui o te matū hohe, ka puta mai he wai kōwhai mārama, ā, he tino wairewa ki te wai. Ka mau tonu te pumau pai puta noa i te whānuitanga o te pH; i muri i te rongoa mō ngā rā e toru i te 30℃ i raro i ngā uara pH o te 2, 4 me te 10, ka noho kore tonu tōna tere waikura i ngā wā katoa. Ka puta he riri kiri ngawari, ka eke ki te 100% te tere pirau moroiti, ā, ko te uara LD50 he 1300 ki te 2400 mg/kg.
I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te tino whakamahia te LAS i roto i ngā hopi horoi me ngā horoi tinana, engari ka whakamahia whānuitia i roto i ngā wai horoi kakahu me ngā wai horoi rihi. I roto i ngā wai horoi rihi, tata ki te haurua o te katoa o ngā matū horoi ka taea te whakamahi i te LAS, engari ka taea te whakarerekē i tōna ōwehenga i roto i ngā wai horoi kakahu i roto i te whānuitanga mahi.
Ka pai te wairewa o te LAS i roto i te wai, i ngā pāmahana teitei pērā i te 60℃, ā, ina whakaranua ki ētahi atu matū horoi. Ko te pūnaha matū toru "LAS-AES-FFA" e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā wai horoi rihi, ā, ko te pūnaha matū "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā wai horoi kakahu. He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko te whakaranu tika o te LAS me te matū horoi kore-ionic alkylol amide he maha ngā wā kāore e tutuki i ngā hua pai; he pūmau te pūnaha "LAS-FFA" me te iti o te matotoru, ā, he mā te āhua miraka.
Ko te LAS te tuatahi mō te whakaputanga me te nui o te whakaputanga ā-tau o te 290 kirotana, ā, koia te matū horoi hangai tino iti te utu. Koia te utu iti rawa i roto i ngā matū horoi hangai e rima tino nui te putanga, ā, he rite tonu tōna utu ki te utu o ngā turanga hopi (ngā hopi waikawa ngako) i roto i ngā matū horoi anionic tuku iho. He mea motuhake te LAS nā te pumau pai, te kaha horoi me te iti o te utu, ko tōna ngoikoretanga nui ko te nui o te riri.
I roto i ngā matū horoi sulfonate katoa, ka tukuna e te AOS te mahi tino pai. Ka riro mai i a ia ngā painga o ngā sulfonate noa, ā, ka whakarei ake i a ia, me te karo i ōna ngoikoretanga tūturu. Hei tētahi o ngā matū horoi matua, ka whakamahia whānuitia te AOS i roto i ngā hopi horoi me ngā horoi tinana, ā, ka whānui haere tōna whakamahinga i roto i ētahi atu hopi horoi wai me te whakaputanga ā-rohe me te whakahekenga utu.
He tino pai ngā painga o te AOS, tae atu ki te pumau, te wairewatanga pai ki te wai, te hototahitanga pai, te iti o te riri me te pirau pai o ngā moroiti. Ko tōna ngoikoretanga matua he utu nui i waenga i ngā surfactants anionic katoa.
2.2 Ngā Ngārara Ārai Anionic
Ko ngā momo matū horoi noa ko te waipiro momona konutai, te polyoxyethylene ether sulfate me te konutai dodecyl sulfate.
Ko te waipiro ngako konutai polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, e mōhiotia ana ko te AES, ko te waipiro ether sulfate rānei, he ngāwari te wairewa i roto i te wai. Ina tae te ihirangi matū hohe ki te 70%, ka puta he wai mātotoru kōwhai mārama, ā, he iti iho tōna pumau i te sulfonates noa. Ka tere te waikura ina kei raro iho te uara pH i te 4, engari he tino pai te pumau o te waikura i roto i ngā taiao kawakore. I muri i te rongoa mō ngā rā e toru i te 30°C i raro i ngā āhuatanga pH 2, pH 4 me te pH 10, ko ōna tere waikura he 100%, 50% me te 0. He iti te riri me te taupū riri o te 2.3 mō tana wairewa wai 10%, he tere pirau koiora neke atu i te 90%, me te uara LD50 o te 1800 mg/kg.
Ko te konutai dodecyl sulfate, e kiia nei ko AS, K12, te konutai cocoalkyl sulfate, te konutai lauryl sulfate, te kaihoko pahuka rānei, ka wairewa i roto i te wai me te wairewatanga wai tata ki te 15 i te 25°C, he iti iho i te AES. Kāore e pāngia e te kawakore me te wai mārō, engari ko tōna pumau i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa he ngoikore ake i ngā sulfonates noa, ā, he tata ki te AES. Kaua te pāmahana whakamahana mō te wā roa e neke ake i te 95°C. He ngawari te riri i waenga i ngā surfactants; ko te taupū riri o tana otinga 10% he 3.3, he teitei ake i te AES me te iti iho i te LAS, me te uara LD50 o te 1300 mg/kg.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te AES i roto i te hopi horoi makawe, te horoi tinana, te wai horoi rihi me te hopi horoi kakahu. I roto i te whakamahinga mahi, me whakapiki ake te uara pH ki te koretake, ki te kawakore ngoikore rānei i te mea ka taea mena ka taea e ngā paerewa kounga pH e tika ana. Ina whakamahia te AES i raro i ngā āhuatanga pH iti pēnei i te hopi horoi makawe, ka whakamahia te nuinga o te wā ki tōna āhua tote ethanolamine. He pai ake te wairewatanga o te AES i te AS, ā, ka taea te hanga hei wairewa mārama i roto i tētahi ōwehenga i te pāmahana rūma. Ki te whakatauritea ki te LAS, he whānui ake te whakamahinga o te AES i roto i ngā hopi horoi wai, ā, he pai ake te hototahitanga, ka taea te whakakotahi me ngā maha o ngā surfactants i roto i ngā huinga rua, maha rānei hei hanga wairewa mārama. I roto i ngā surfactants hangai, ko te AES te tuatoru o ngā putanga me te utu iti iho i te AS; ko te utu o te 70% AES he 8500 yuan ia tana i te tau 2002. Ko ōna painga nui ko te iti o te riri, te wairewatanga pai ki te wai, te hototahitanga pai me te pānga whakamiharo ki te ārai i te kiri maroke me te kiri taratara. Ko tōna ngoikoretanga matua ko te kore pumau i roto i ngā rauemi waikawa, e hiahia ana kia pupuri i te uara pH kia nui ake i te 4, ā, he ngoikore ake tōna kaha horoi i tō te LAS me te AS.
Ina whakamahia te AS ki roto i ngā hopi horoi wai, me whakahaere te taiao pH kia kore ai e nui rawa te waikawa. Me whakamahi i ngā tote ethanolamine, i ngā tote ammonium rānei hei whakamahi i roto i te shampoo me te horoi tinana. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tote ethanolamine, ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakarei ake i te pumau o te ātete waikawa, engari ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te riri, ā, ko te taupū riri o te otinga tote triethanolamine 10% he 3.0. He onge te whakamahinga o te AS i roto i te wai horoi rihi, ā, he onge te whakamahi hei matū horoi tuatahi me te iti o te horopeta i roto i ngā tauira, nā te mea he kino ki te tapahi i ngā utu hua, ā, he iti noa iho ngā whakaritenga mō te mahi pahuka o aua hua. Kei te tuarima o ngā putanga o ngā matū horoi hangai, he nui te utu o te AS, ā, ko te utu mō tōna ahua paura he 15000 yuan ia tana i te tau 2002. Haunga te kaha pahuka me te kaha horoi, he iti iho te AS i te AES i te nuinga o ngā mahi ratonga, pērā i te ngoikore o te pumau o te ātete waikawa me te nui ake o te riri (he iti iho i te LAS), ā, ko ia te utu teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā matū horoi anionic tikanga.
Ko ngā momo matua o ngā matū horoi kore-ionic ko te alkylolamide (FFA), te waipiro momona polyoxyethylene ether (AE), me te alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE, OP rānei). He tino pai ngā āhuatanga o ngā matū horoi kore-ionic pērā i te whakarewa, te horoi, te mahi ārai-pūmau, te iti o te riri me te kaha ki te horapa i te hopi raima. He whānui ake te awhe pH e whakamahia ana i ngā matū horoi ionic noa, ā, he pai ake i ngā matū horoi anionic noa i te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga engari ko te horoi me te kaha ki te pahuka. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau ka taea e te tāpiri i te iti o ngā matū horoi kore-ionic ki roto i ngā pūnaha matū horoi ionic te whakarei ake i te mahi mata whānui ina whakaritea ki raro i te ihirangi matū hohe kotahi.
He tino mahi ngā alkylolamide, he whānui te whakamahinga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei horoi i ngā mea kore-ionic, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā momo hopi horoi wai. Ko ngā whakaritenga matua o ngā alkylolamide e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hopi horoi wai ko te 2:1 amide me te 1.5:1 amide, ā, kei te wātea hoki te 1:1 amide hei whakamahi. He rerekē rawa ēnei whakaritenga e toru i roto i te wairewatanga wai me te āhuatanga matotoru. I te nuinga o te wā, he āhua whānui te mahi a te 1.5:1 amide, ā, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i te wai horoi rihi. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te wairewa ngāwari i te 1:1 amide ina whakaranua ki ētahi atu hopi horoi wairewa. He pai ake ngā alkylolamide mō ngā hopi horoi kawakore, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i roto i ngā hopi horoi waikawa ngoikore.
I roto i ngā matū horoi kore-ionic katoa, ko ngā alkylolamide te mea tino whai hua, ko te utu he 7,800 yuan ia tana i te tau 2002. He nui ake te whakamahinga o ēnei i roto i ngā hopi wai i ngā polyoxyethylene ethers waipiro momona, ā, koinei hoki ngā matū horoi kore-ionic matua e whakamahia ana i roto i te shampoo. Ko ngā take matua koia ēnei: He whānui ake, he pai ake hoki ngā mahi a te FFA i te AE; he iti ake te utu o te FFA; he pai ake te wairewa o te FFA; ā, he kaha ake te mahi pahuka a te FFA ki te whakataurite ki te AE.
Ko ngā matū whakakoi amphoteric he matū whakakoi kei a rātou ngā rōpū hydrophilic anionic me te cationic. Nō reira, he āhuatanga cationic kei roto i ngā otinga waikawa, ngā āhuatanga anionic i roto i ngā otinga kawakore, me ngā āhuatanga rite ki ngā matū whakakoi kore-ionic i roto i ngā otinga kūpapa.
He ngāwari te wairewa o ngā matū horoi āmphoteric ki roto i te wai, i ngā otinga waikawa me te kawakore kukū, tae atu ki ngā otinga tote kore-waro kukū. He tino ātete ki te wai mārō, he iti te mumura o te kiri, he pai te mahi whakangawari i ngā kakahu, he tino pai te āhuatanga ārai-pūmau me te pānga patu huakita pai, ā, he pai te hototahi ki ngā momo matū horoi rerekē.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei hua i roto i te whānuitanga pH. I runga i ō rātou āhua ionic i raro i ngā taiao waikawa-pūtake rerekē, he pai ake te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa me te koretake i raro i ngā āhuatanga kawakore. I te nuinga o te wā, he nui ake te utu o ngā surfactants amphoteric i ngā surfactants kore-ionic.
Ko ngā momo matū amphoteric nui e kitea whānuitia ana ko te dodecyldimethylbetaine me te carboxylate-type imidazoline. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā matū anionic, he whānui ake ngā āhuatanga o ngā matū kore-ionic me ngā ngoikoretanga iti iho, engari he iti iho te kaha horoi me te kaha pahuka. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā matū kore-ionic, he pai ake ngā āhuatanga o ngā matū amphoteric i ētahi wā, ā, he rite tonu i ētahi atu.
He kaha ake te kaha pahuka o ngā matū horoi kiri amphoteric i ngā matū horoi kiri kore-ionic noa (engari he iti te kaha pahuka o ngā matū horoi kiri AE), he pai ake te mahi patu huakita i ngā matū horoi kiri kore-ionic me te anionic, ā, he pai ake hoki ngā pānga whakangawari. Nā reira, i roto i ngā hopi horoi wai, ka whakamahia ngā matū horoi kiri amphoteric ki roto i te hopi horoi kiri, ā, whai muri ko ngā hua horoi kiri pēnei i te horoi tinana.
Ko ngā momo matū horoi cationic e kitea whānuitia ana ko te Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), te Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), te Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), te cationic panthenol, te hinu silicone cationic, te Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) me ētahi atu.
I roto i ngā hopi horoi wai, ka mahi ngā matū horoi cationic hei matū horoi āwhina me ngā kai whakangawari me te iti o te horopeta i roto i ngā tauira. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia ēnei ki ngā hua papai, ko te nuinga ki roto i ngā hopi horoi makawe. Kāore e taea te whakakotahi tika i ngā matū horoi cationic ki ngā matū horoi anionic. Ahakoa ka taea e ngā whakakotahitanga o ngā matū horoi cationic me anionic te whakatutuki i ngā hua pai, he nui te mōrearea o te whakatō me te whakatiotanga.
He whānuitanga o ngā matū horoi kiri kationika e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hopi horoi makawe me ngā auau whakamahinga marara, ko te tikanga kāore e whakamahia ana te momo kotahi, e rua rānei, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hangaia hei hua whakangawari kua oti. He iti noa te wāhanga o ngā matū horoi kiri kationika i roto i te putanga katoa o ngā matū horoi kiri, ā, he nui ake te utu i ētahi atu kāwai.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu momo surfactants, ko ngā surfactants cationic te mea tino kaha ki te whakangawari me te kaha patu huakita. Ahakoa ō rātou ngoikoretanga pēnei i te ngoikore o te horoi, te ngoikore o te kaha ki te pahuka, te ngoikore o te hototahi, te nui o te riri me te utu nui, kāore e taea te whakakapi e ētahi atu surfactants hei wāhanga whakangawari i roto i ngā hopi horoi wai me ngā shampoo utu nui. He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko ngā surfactants cationic ka taea anake te whakamahi hei wāhanga whakangawari, hei patu huakita rānei.
Wā tuku: Mei-21-2026