Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma surfactants. Potengera zomwe zimachokera, ma surfactants a anionic ndi 56%, ma surfactants osapangidwa ndi ionic ndi 36%, ma surfactants a amphoteric ndi 5%, ndi ma surfactants a cationic ndi 3%.
2. Ma Surfactants a Anionic
2.1 Ma Surfactants a Anionic a mtundu wa Sulfonate
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma surfactants otere ndi monga sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate ndi sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti LAS kapena ABS, ndi ufa woyera kapena wopepuka wachikasu kapena wolimba wosungunuka m'madzi. Sizimasungunuka bwino m'madzi kutentha kochepa ndipo zimasungunuka pansi pa 3 m'madzi kutentha kwa chipinda, komabe zimasungunuka bwino kwambiri m'makina opangira zinthu zosakanikirana. Zimakhala zolimba bwino motsutsana ndi alkalis, ma acid osungunuka ndi madzi olimba, ndipo zimawonongeka ndi kutentha kwa 240℃. Chizindikiro chake cha kuyabwa cha 10% yankho ndi 5.0, kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumayambira pa 80% mpaka 90%, ndipo mtengo wa LD50 ndi 1300 mpaka 2500 mg/kg.
Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate imafupikitsidwa kuti AOS. Ngati zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito zili pakati pa 38% ndi 40%, zimaoneka ngati madzi achikasu owonekera bwino ndipo zimasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Zimasunga kukhazikika bwino pa pH yochuluka; zitasungidwa kwa masiku atatu pa 30℃ pansi pa pH ya 2, 4 ndi 10 motsatana, kuchuluka kwake kwa hydrolysis kumakhalabe zero nthawi zonse. Zimayambitsa kuyabwa pang'ono pakhungu, zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiwonongeke 100%, ndipo zimakhala ndi LD50 ya 1300 mpaka 2400 mg/kg.
Kawirikawiri, LAS siigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu shampu ndi zotsukira thupi, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu sopo wamadzimadzi wotsukira zovala ndi zakumwa zotsukira mbale. Mu zakumwa zotsukira mbale, LAS imatha kuwerengera pafupifupi theka la zotsukira zonse, pomwe gawo lake mu zotsukira zakumwa zotsukira zovala lingasinthidwe mkati mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
LAS imasungunuka bwino madzi makamaka kutentha kwambiri monga 60℃ komanso ikaphatikizidwa ndi ma surfactants ena. Dongosolo lapadera la ternary compound "LAS-AES-FFA" limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zakumwa zotsukira mbale, ndipo dongosolo la compound "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo wamadzimadzi ochapira. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuphatikiza mwachindunji kwa LAS ndi nonionic surfactant alkylol amide nthawi zambiri sikukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino; dongosolo la "LAS-FFA" ndi losakhazikika komanso lochepa kukhuthala ndipo limawoneka ngati mkaka woyera.
LAS ili pamalo oyamba pakupanga zinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa ma kilotoni 290 pachaka ndipo ndi chinthu chotsika mtengo kwambiri chopangidwa ndi surfactant. Ili ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zisanu zapamwamba zopanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi mafuta ambiri, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wofanana ndi wa sopo (sopo wamafuta acid) pakati pa zinthu wamba zopanga zinthu za anionic. LAS imadziwika ndi kukhazikika bwino, kuyeretsa kwamphamvu komanso mtengo wotsika, pomwe vuto lake lalikulu ndi kuyabwa kwakukulu.
Pakati pa ma surfactants onse a sulfonate, AOS imapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. Imalandira ndikuwonjezera zabwino za ma sulfonates wamba pomwe imapewa zovuta zake. Monga imodzi mwa ma surfactants akuluakulu, AOS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu shampu ndi kutsuka thupi, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake mu sopo zina zamadzimadzi kudzakula pang'onopang'ono pamodzi ndi kupanga kwa malo komanso kuchepetsa mitengo.
AOS ili ndi ubwino waukulu kuphatikizapo kukhazikika kwapamwamba, kusungunuka kwa madzi bwino, kugwirizana bwino, kusakwiya kwambiri komanso kusawonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Vuto lake lalikulu ndilakuti ndi yokwera mtengo pakati pa ma surfactants onse a anionic.
2.2 Ma Sulfate a Anionic Surfactant
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma surfactants otere ndi monga sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate ndi sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti AES kapena alcohol ether sulfate, imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake zikafika pa 70%, zimawoneka ngati madzi opepuka achikasu okhuthala, ndipo kukhazikika kwake kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi kwa common sulfonates. Zimadutsa mu hydrolysis mwachangu pamene pH ili pansi pa 4, komabe zimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa hydrolysis m'malo okhala ndi alkaline. Pambuyo posungidwa kwa masiku atatu pa 30°C pansi pa pH 2, pH 4 ndi pH 10, kuchuluka kwake kwa hydrolysis ndi 100%, 50% ndi 0 motsatana. Zimakhala ndi kukwiya kochepa ndi index yokwiya ya 2.3 ya yankho lake lamadzi la 10%, kuchuluka kwa biodegradation kwa opitilira 90%, ndi LD50 ya 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, yotchedwa AS, K12, sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate kapena thovu, imasungunuka m'madzi ndi madzi osungunuka pafupifupi 15 pa 25°C, omwe ndi otsika kuposa a AES. Siikhudzidwa ndi alkalis ndi madzi olimba, koma kukhazikika kwake pansi pa acidity ndi kofooka kuposa ma sulfonates wamba ndipo ndi pafupi ndi a AES. Kutentha kwa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali sikuyenera kupitirira 95°C. Imakhala ndi kuyabwa pang'ono pakati pa ma surfactants; yankho lake la 10% lili ndi index ya kuyabwa ya 3.3, yokwera kuposa AES komanso yotsika kuposa LAS, yokhala ndi LD50 ya 1300 mg/kg.
AES imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu shampu, kutsuka thupi, madzi otsukira mbale, ndi sopo wochapira zovala. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, pH iyenera kukwezedwa kukhala yopanda mpweya kapena ya alkaline momwe zingathere ngati miyezo yoyenera ya pH ilola. Pamene AES iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa pH yotsika monga mu shampu, mawonekedwe ake amchere a ethanolamine nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. AES ili ndi kusungunuka bwino kwa madzi kuposa AS ndipo imatha kupangidwa kukhala mayankho owonekera bwino amadzi muyeso uliwonse kutentha kwa chipinda. Poyerekeza ndi LAS, AES imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo wamadzimadzi komanso imagwirizana bwino, yomwe imatha kusakanikirana ndi ma surfactants ambiri mumitundu iwiri kapena ingapo kuti ipange mayankho owonekera amadzimadzi. Pakati pa ma surfactants opangidwa, AES ili pa nambala wachitatu pakupanga ndi mtengo wotsika kuposa AS; mtengo wa 70% AES unali 8500 yuan pa tani mu 2002. Ubwino wake waukulu ndi monga kukwiya kochepa, kusungunuka kwabwino kwa madzi, kuyanjana bwino komanso zotsatira zabwino popewa khungu louma komanso louma. Vuto lake lalikulu ndi kusakhazikika bwino mu acidic media, zomwe zimafuna kuti pH ikhale pamwamba pa 4, ndipo detergent yake ndi yofooka kuposa ya LAS ndi AS.
Mukagwiritsa ntchito AS mu sopo wamadzimadzi, pH iyenera kuyendetsedwa kuti ipewe asidi wambiri. Mchere wake wa ethanolamine kapena mchere wa ammonium ndi wofunikira kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito mu shampu ndi kusamba thupi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wake wa ethanolamine sikungowonjezera kukhazikika kwa asidi komanso kuchepetsa kuyabwa, ndipo index ya kuyabwa ya yankho lake la mchere wa triethanolamine wa 10% ndi 3.0. AS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu madzi otsukira mbale ndipo nthawi zambiri siimagwira ntchito ngati surfactant yayikulu yokhala ndi mlingo wochepa mu ma formula, makamaka chifukwa siili bwino pochepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zinthu zotere zimakhala ndi zofunikira zochepa pakugwira ntchito bwino kwa thovu. Ili pa nambala 5 pakupanga ma surfactants opangidwa, AS ili ndi mtengo wokwera, ndipo mawonekedwe ake a ufa anali pa 15000 yuan pa tani mu 2002. Kupatula mphamvu yabwino yotulutsa thovu komanso chotsukira champhamvu, AS ndi yotsika poyerekeza ndi AES m'machitidwe ambiri ogwirira ntchito, monga kukhazikika kofooka pang'ono kwa acid komanso kuyabwa kwakukulu (kotsika kuposa LAS), ndipo ilinso ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa ma surfactants wamba a anionic.
3.Ma Surfactants Osakhala a Ionic
Mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma surfactants osakhala a ionic ndi monga alkylolamide (FFA), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), ndi alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE kapena OP). Ma surfactants osakhala a ionic ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri monga kusungunuka, kuyeretsa, kugwira ntchito bwino, kukwiya pang'ono komanso kufalikira kwa sopo wa lime. Ali ndi pH yokwanira kuposa ma surfactants odziwika bwino a ionic, ndipo ndi apamwamba kuposa ma surfactants wamba a anionic m'malo ambiri kupatulapo detergent ndi thovu. Mayesero akusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera pang'ono ma surfactants osakhala a ionic m'machitidwe a ionic surfactant kumatha kuwonjezera ntchito yonse ya pamwamba poyerekeza ndi zomwe zili mu chinthu chomwecho.
Ma alkylolamides ndi ma surfactants osakhala a ionic omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo zosiyanasiyana zamadzimadzi. Mafotokozedwe akuluakulu a ma alkylolamides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo wamadzimadzi ndi 2:1 amide ndi 1.5:1 amide, ndipo 1:1 amide imapezekanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito. Mafotokozedwe atatuwa amasiyana kwambiri pa kusungunuka kwa madzi ndi kukhuthala kwake. Kawirikawiri, 1.5:1 amide imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito apakati ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu madzi otsukira mbale. Nthawi zambiri, 1:1 amide imatha kusungunuka mosavuta pokhapokha ikaphatikizidwa ndi ma surfactants ena osungunuka m'madzi. Ma alkylolamides ndi oyenera kwambiri sopo wa alkaline ndipo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito mu sopo wofewa pang'ono.
Pakati pa ma surfactants onse osakhala a ionic, ma alkylolamides ndi omwe ali otsika mtengo kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake ndi 7,800 yuan pa tani mu 2002. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo wamadzimadzi kuposa ma polyoxyethylene ethers okhala ndi mafuta ambiri, komanso ndi ma surfactants osakhala a ionic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu shampu. Zifukwa zazikulu ndi izi: FFA ili ndi ntchito zambiri komanso zapamwamba kuposa AE; FFA ndi yotsika mtengo pamtengo; FFA imasungunuka bwino; ndipo FFA ili ndi mphamvu yotulutsa thovu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi AE.
4. Mankhwala Opangira Ma Surfactants a Amphoteric
Ma surfactants amphoteric ndi ma surfactants omwe ali ndi magulu a anionic ndi cationic hydrophilic. Chifukwa chake, amawonetsa mphamvu za cationic mu mayankho a acidic, mphamvu za anionic mu mayankho a alkaline, ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi ma surfactants osakhala a ionic mu mayankho osalowererapo.
Mankhwala opangidwa ndi amphoteric amasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, acid yambiri ndi alkali, komanso mankhwala opangidwa ndi mchere wambiri. Amakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba yolimbana ndi madzi, khungu silikuyabwa bwino, amafewetsa nsalu bwino, amateteza kutentha kwa dzuwa komanso amapha mabakiteriya, ndipo amagwirizana bwino ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala opangidwa ndi amphoteric.
Zinthu zoterezi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa pH yochuluka. Poganizira momwe zilili ndi ma ionic m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi acid-base, zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'malo okhala ndi acid komanso osalowererapo kuposa m'malo okhala ndi alkaline. Kawirikawiri, ma amphoteric surfactants ndi okwera mtengo kuposa ma non-ionic surfactants.
Mitundu yofunika kwambiri ya amphoteric surfactants ndi dodecyldimethylbetaine ndi imidazoline ya mtundu wa carboxylate. Poyerekeza ndi anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants ali ndi makhalidwe ambiri okhala ndi zovuta zochepa, koma ochepa okha ndi otsika mu detergent ndi thovu. Poyerekeza ndi non-ionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants ndi apamwamba mu makhalidwe ena ndipo amafanana ndi ena.
Mankhwala opangira thovu (amphoteric surfactants) ali ndi mphamvu yotulutsa thovu kwambiri kuposa mankhwala wamba osakhala a ionic (pomwe mankhwala opangira thovu a AE ali ndi mphamvu yofooka yotulutsa thovu), mphamvu yopha mabakiteriya kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mankhwala osakhala a ionic ndi anionic, komanso zotsatira zabwino zokonza. Pachifukwa ichi, mu sopo wamadzimadzi, mankhwala opangira thovu (amphoteric surfactants) amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu shampu, kutsatiridwa ndi zinthu zotsukira khungu monga kutsuka thupi.
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma surfactants a cationic ndi Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic silicone oil, Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) ndi zina zotero.
Mu zotsukira zamadzimadzi, ma cationic surfactants amagwira ntchito ngati ma surfactants othandizira komanso zosakaniza zowongolera zomwe zimakhala ndi mlingo wochepa mu ma formula. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zapamwamba, makamaka mu shampu. Ma cationic surfactants sangaphatikizidwe mwachindunji ndi ma anionic surfactants. Ngakhale kuphatikiza kwa ma cationic surfactants ndi anionic kungapangitse zotsatira zabwino, kumakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha sedimentation ndi crystallization.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma cationic surfactants imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu shampu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti palibe mtundu umodzi kapena iwiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kukhala zinthu zomalizidwa. Ma cationic surfactants ndi ochepa kwambiri mu kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kuposa magulu ena.
Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya ma surfactants, ma cationic surfactants ali ndi mphamvu yodziwika bwino yokonza zinthu komanso mphamvu yowononga mabakiteriya. Ngakhale kuti ali ndi zovuta monga kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa mabakiteriya, mphamvu yofooka ya thovu, kusagwirizana bwino, kukwiya kwambiri komanso mtengo wokwera, ma surfactants ena sangasinthidwe ndi ma surfactants ena ngati zinthu zokonza zinthu mu sopo wamadzimadzi wapamwamba komanso ma shampu. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ma surfactants a cationic angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zosakaniza zokonza zinthu kapena mabakiteriya.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-21-2026