Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-surfactants. Zibekwe ngokwemveliso, ii-surfactants ze-anionic zi-56%, ii-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic zi-36%, ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric zi-5%, kunye nee-surfactants ze-cationic zi-3%.
2. Ii-Anionic Surfactants
2.1 Ii-Anionic Surfactants zohlobo lweSulfonate
Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zezi zinto ziquka i-sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate kunye ne-sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
I-sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-LAS okanye i-ABS, yi-powdery solid emhlophe okanye etyheli enyibilikayo emanzini. Ayinyibiliki kakuhle emanzini kubushushu obuphantsi kwaye inyibilika ngaphantsi kwe-3 emanzini kubushushu begumbi, kodwa inyibilika kakuhle kwiinkqubo ze-compound surfactant. Izinzile kakuhle kwi-alkalis, ii-asidi ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye namanzi aqinileyo, kunye nobushushu bokubola obuyi-240℃. Isalathisi sayo sokucaphuka sesisombululo se-10% yi-5.0, izinga lokubola kweentsholongwane liqala kwi-80% ukuya kwi-90%, kwaye ixabiso le-LD50 liyi-1300 ukuya kwi-2500 mg/kg.
I-sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate ifinyezwa ngokuthi yi-AOS. Xa umxholo wento esebenzayo uphakathi kwe-38% kunye ne-40%, ibonakala njengolwelo olutyheli olucacileyo kwaye inyibilika kakhulu emanzini. Igcina uzinzo oluhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH; emva kokugcinwa iintsuku ezintathu kwi-30℃ phantsi kwamaxabiso e-pH angama-2, 4 kunye ne-10 ngokulandelanayo, izinga layo le-hydrolysis lihlala li-zero kuzo zonke iimeko. Ibangela ukurhawuzelelwa kolusu okuncinci, ifikelela kwizinga lokubola kwe-microbial eliyi-100%, kwaye inexabiso le-LD50 eliyi-1300 ukuya kwi-2400 mg/kg.
Ngokubanzi, i-LAS ayisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiishampu nakwiindawo zokuhlamba umzimba, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zokuhlamba iimpahla kunye neesepha zokuhlamba izitya. Kwiindawo zokuhlamba izitya, i-LAS ingabala malunga nesiqingatha sezona zinto zisetyenziswayo xa zizonke, ngelixa umlinganiselo wayo kwiisepha zokuhlamba iimpahla ungalungiswa kuluhlu olubanzi.
I-LAS ifumana ukunyibilika kwamanzi okuhle ikakhulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu afana ne-60℃ kwaye xa ixutywe nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-ternary compound "LAS-AES-FFA" isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiilwelo zokuhlamba izitya, kwaye inkqubo ye-compound "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zokuhlamba iimpahla. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukuhlanganiswa ngqo kwe-LAS nge-alkylol amide engeyiyo ionic surfactant kudla ngokungaphumeleli ukufezekisa iziphumo ezilungileyo; inkqubo ye-"LAS-FFA" ayizinzanga kwaye ine-viscosity ephantsi kwaye ibonakalisa inkangeleko emhlophe efana nobisi.
I-LAS ikwindawo yokuqala kwimveliso ngomthamo wemveliso yonyaka we-290 kilotons kwaye yeyona surfactant yokwenziwa engabizi kakhulu. Inexabiso eliphantsi phakathi kwe-surfactants zokwenziwa eziphezulu ezintlanu eziphuma kakhulu, kwaye ixabiso layo liyafana nele-bases yesepha (iisepha ze-fatty acid) phakathi kwe-anionic surfactants eziqhelekileyo. I-LAS yahlulwe ngokuzinza okugqwesileyo, ukucoca okunamandla kunye nexabiso eliphantsi, ngelixa ingxaki yayo ephambili kukucaphuka okuphezulu.
Phakathi kwazo zonke ii-sulfonate surfactants, i-AOS inika ukusebenza okugqibeleleyo. Izuza ilifa kwaye iphucula ngakumbi ubuhle bee-sulfonate eziqhelekileyo ngelixa iphepha iingxaki zayo. Njengenye yee-surfactants eziphambili, i-AOS isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiishampu nakwiindawo zokuhlamba umzimba, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezinye iisepha zolwelo kuya kwanda kancinci kancinci kunye nemveliso yendawo kunye nokwehla kwamaxabiso okulandelayo.
I-AOS ineenzuzo ezibalaseleyo eziquka ukuzinza okuphezulu, ukunyibilika kwamanzi okugqwesileyo, ukuhambelana okuhle, ukungacaphuki kakuhle kunye nokubola kweentsholongwane okufanelekileyo. Ingxaki yayo ephambili kukuba ibiza kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke ii-surfactants ze-anionic.
2.2 Ii-Anionic Surfactant Sulfates
Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zezi zinto ziquka i-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate kunye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate.
I-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-AES okanye i-alcohol ether sulfate, inyibilika lula emanzini. Xa umxholo wento esebenzayo ufikelela kwi-70%, ibonakala njengolwelo olukhanyayo olutyheli olukhanyayo, kwaye ukuzinza kwayo kungaphantsi kolwe-sulfonates eziqhelekileyo. Idlula kwi-hydrolysis ngokukhawuleza xa ixabiso le-pH lingaphantsi kwe-4, kodwa ine-hydrolysis ezinzileyo kakhulu kwiindawo ze-alkaline. Emva kokugcinwa iintsuku ezintathu kwi-30°C phantsi kweemeko ze-pH 2, pH 4 kunye ne-pH 10, amazinga ayo e-hydrolysis yi-100%, 50% kunye ne-0 ngokulandelanayo. Inokurhawuzelelwa okuphantsi kunye ne-impact index ye-2.3 yesisombululo sayo samanzi se-10%, izinga lokubola kwe-bio elingaphezulu kwe-90%, kunye nexabiso le-LD50 le-1800 mg/kg.
I-Sodium dodecyl sulfate, ebizwa ngokuba yi-AS, K12, i-sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, i-sodium lauryl sulfate okanye i-foaming agent, iyanyibilika emanzini kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi okumalunga ne-15 kwi-25°C, okungaphantsi kune-AES. Ayinamvakalelo kwi-alkalis kunye namanzi aqinileyo, kodwa ukuzinza kwayo phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi kubuthathaka kune-sulfonates eqhelekileyo kwaye kusondele kwe-AES. Ubushushu bokufudumeza obuhlala ixesha elide akufuneki budlule kwi-95°C. Inoburhalarhume obuphakathi phakathi kwe-surfactants; isisombululo sayo se-10% sinomlinganiselo woburhalarhume obuyi-3.3, obuphezulu kune-AES kwaye buphantsi kune-LAS, kunye nexabiso le-LD50 eliyi-1300 mg/kg.
I-AES isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-shampoo, ukuhlamba umzimba, ulwelo lokuhlamba izitya kunye nesepha yokuhlamba impahla. Xa isetyenziswa, ixabiso le-pH kufuneka linyuswe liye kwi-neutral okanye kwi-alkaline encinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba imigangatho ye-pH efanelekileyo iyavuma. Xa i-AES kufuneka isetyenziswe phantsi kweemeko ze-pH ephantsi njengakwi-shampoo, uhlobo lwayo lwetyuwa ye-ethanolamine lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi. I-AES inokunyibilika kwamanzi okungcono kune-AS kwaye inokwenziwa ibe zizisombululo zamanzi ezibonakalayo nangayiphi na indlela kubushushu begumbi. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-LAS, i-AES inokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiisepha zolwelo kunye nokuhambelana okuphezulu, okunokuhlanganiswa nee-surfactants ezininzi kwiindidi ezimbini okanye ezininzi ukwenza izisombululo zamanzi ezibonakalayo. Phakathi kwe-surfactants zokwenziwa, i-AES ikwindawo yesithathu kwimveliso enexabiso eliphantsi kune-AS; ixabiso le-70% AES yayiyi-8500 yuan ngetoni ngo-2002. Iingenelo zayo eziphambili ziquka ukurhawuzelelwa okuncinci, ukunyibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukuhambelana okuhle kunye nefuthe elimangalisayo ekuthinteleni ulusu olomileyo nolurhabaxa. Ingxaki yayo ephambili ikukungazinzi kakuhle kwi-acidic media, nto leyo efuna ukuba ixabiso le-pH ligcinwe lingaphezulu kakhulu kwe-4, kwaye i-detergent yayo ibuthathaka kuneye-LAS kunye ne-AS.
Xa usebenzisa i-AS kwiisepha zolwelo, imeko ye-pH kufuneka ilawulwe ukuze kuthintelwe i-asidi egqithisileyo. Iityuwa zayo ze-ethanolamine okanye i-ammonium salts ziyimfuneko ekusetyenzisweni kwayo kwishampu nakwihlambi lomzimba. Ukwamkelwa kweetyuwa zayo ze-ethanolamine akunakwandisa kuphela uzinzo lokumelana ne-asidi kodwa kunciphise nokucaphuka, kwaye isalathisi sokucaphuka sesisombululo sayo setyuwa ye-triethanolamine ye-10% yi-3.0. I-AS ayisetyenziswa rhoqo kulwelo lokuhlamba izitya kwaye ayisebenzi njenge-surfactant ephambili ene-dosage ephantsi kwiifomyula, ikakhulu kuba ayilungelanga ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso kwaye iimveliso ezinjalo azinazo iimfuno zokusebenza kwe-foam. Ibekwe kwindawo yesihlanu kwimveliso ye-surfactants zokwenziwa, i-AS ixabisa kakhulu, kwaye uhlobo lwayo lomgubo lwaluxabisa i-15000 yuan ngetoni ngo-2002. Ngaphandle kwamandla abalaseleyo okufutha kunye nokucoca okunamandla, i-AS ingaphantsi kwe-AES kwimisebenzi emininzi yenkonzo, njengokuqina okuncinci kokuchasana ne-asidi kunye nokucaphuka okuphezulu (kungaphantsi kwe-LAS kuphela), kwaye ikwanexabiso eliphezulu phakathi kwe-anionic surfactants eqhelekileyo.
3.Ii-Surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic
Iintlobo eziphambili zee-surfactants ezingezizo i-ionic ziquka i-alkylolamide (FFA), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), kunye ne-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE okanye OP). Ii-surfactants ezingezizo i-ionic zineempawu ezintle ezifana nokunyibilika, ukucoca, ukusebenza okuchasene ne-static, ukurhawuzelelwa okuphantsi kunye nomthamo wokusasaza isepha yelayimu. Zinoluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH olusebenzayo kunee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo ze-ionic, kwaye zingcono kunee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo ze-anionic kwiipropati ezininzi ngaphandle kokucoca kunye nokukwazi ukwenza i-foam. Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba ukongeza inani elincinci lee-surfactants ezingezizo i-ionic kwiinkqubo ze-ionic surfactant kunokuphucula umsebenzi womphezulu xa kuthelekiswa phantsi komxholo ofanayo wezinto ezisebenzayo.
Ii-Alkylolamides zi-surfactants ezingezizo i-ionic ezisebenza kakhulu, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa rhoqo, ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiisepha ezahlukeneyo zolwelo. Iinkcukacha eziphambili zee-alkylolamides ezisetyenziswa kwiisepha zolwelo yi-2:1 amide kunye ne-1.5:1 amide, kwaye i-1:1 amide nayo iyafumaneka ukuze isetyenziswe. Ezi nkcukacha zintathu zahlukile kakhulu kwi-water solubility kunye ne-thickening properties. Ngokubanzi, i-1.5:1 amide inokusebenza okuphakathi kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-dishwashing dish liquid. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-1:1 amide inokunyibilika lula kuphela xa idityaniswe nezinye ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo emanzini. Ii-Alkylolamides zifanelekile ngakumbi kwiisepha ze-alkaline kwaye zingasetyenziswa nakwiisepha ze-asidi encinci.
Phakathi kwazo zonke ii-surfactants ezingezizo i-ionic, ii-alkylolamides zezona zibiza kakhulu, ngexabiso le-7,800 yuan ngetoni ngo-2002. Zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiisepha zolwelo kunee-polyoxyethylene ethers ezinamafutha, kwaye zikwazezona zi-surfactants ziphambili ezingezizo i-ionic ezisetyenziswa kwi-shampoo. Izizathu eziphambili zezi zilandelayo: I-FFA inemisebenzi ebanzi negqwesileyo kune-AE; I-FFA ixabisa kancinci; I-FFA inokunyibilika okungcono; kwaye i-FFA inamandla okwenza i-foam xa ithelekiswa ne-AE.
Ii-surfactants ze-Amphoteric zii-surfactants ezinamaqela e-anionic kunye ne-cationic hydrophilic. Ngokunjalo, zibonisa iipropati ze-cationic kwizisombululo ze-asidi, iipropati ze-anionic kwizisombululo ze-alkaline, kunye neepropati ezifana nee-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic kwizisombululo ezingathathi hlangothi.
Ii-surfactants ze-Amphoteric zinyibilika lula emanzini, izisombululo ze-asidi eqinisiweyo kunye ne-alkali, kunye nezisombululo zetyuwa eziqinisiweyo. Zinokumelana kakuhle namanzi aqinileyo, ukurhawuzelelwa kancinci lusu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthambisa ilaphu, ipropati ebalaseleyo yokulwa ne-static kunye nefuthe elihle lokubulala iintsholongwane, kwaye zihambelana kakuhle neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-surfactants.
Iimveliso ezinjalo zingasetyenziswa ngaphakathi koluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH. Ngenxa yeemeko zazo ze-ionic phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ze-acid-base, zisebenza ngcono phantsi kweemeko ze-acid kunye ne-neutral kunaphantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline. Ngokubanzi, ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric zibiza kakhulu kunee-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic.
Iindidi ezibalulekileyo eziqhelekileyo ze-amphoteric surfactants ziquka i-dodecyldimethylbetaine kunye ne-carboxylate-type imidazoline. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-anionic surfactants, i-non-ionic surfactants ineempawu ezibanzi ngakumbi kunye neengxaki ezimbalwa, ziphantsi kuphela kwi-detergent kunye ne-foaming capacity. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-non-ionic surfactants, i-amphoteric surfactants ingcono kwiimpawu ezithile kwaye iyafana nakwezinye.
Ii-surfactants ze-Amphoteric zinamandla amakhulu okukhupha igwebu kunee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo ezingezizo i-ionic (ngelixa ii-surfactants ze-AE zinamandla amancinci okukhupha igwebu), umsebenzi ophezulu wokubulala iintsholongwane xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants ezingezizo i-ionic kunye ne-anionic, kunye nemiphumo engcono yokulungisa imeko. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwiisepha zolwelo, ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-shampoo, kulandele iimveliso zokucoca ulusu ezifana nokuhlamba umzimba.
Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ze-cationic surfactants ziquka i-Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), i-Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), i-Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), i-cationic panthenol, i-cationic silicone oil, i-Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) njalo njalo.
Kwiisepha zolwelo, ii-cationic surfactants zisebenza njengee-surfactants ezincedisayo kunye nezithako zokulungisa imeko-bume ezine-dosage ephantsi kwiifomyula. Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimveliso eziphezulu, ikakhulu kwiishampu. Ii-Cationic surfactants azinakuhlanganiswa ngokuthe ngqo nee-anionic surfactants. Nangona indibaniselwano yee-cationic surfactants kunye nee-anionic surfactants zinokufezekisa iziphumo ezilungileyo, zinomngcipheko omkhulu we-sedimentation kunye ne-crystallization.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zee-cationic surfactants zisetyenziswa kwiishampu ezinee-frequency zokusetyenziswa ezisasazekileyo, oko kuthetha ukuba akukho ntlobo inye okanye ezimbini ezisetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye zihlala zenziwe iimveliso zokulungisa ezigqityiweyo. Ii-cationic surfactants zithatha inxenye encinci kwimveliso iyonke yee-surfactants kwaye zihlala zibiza kakhulu kunezinye iindidi.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zee-surfactants, ii-cationic surfactants zinefuthe elibalaseleyo lokuthambisa kunye nomsebenzi onamandla kakhulu wokubulala iintsholongwane. Nangona zingenazo iingxaki ezifana nokungahlambuluki kakuhle, amandla okukhupha amagwebu abuthathaka, ukuhambelana okuphantsi, ukurhawuzelelwa okuphezulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu, azinakutshintshwa zezinye ii-surfactants njengezinto zokuthambisa kwiisepha zolwelo eziphezulu kunye neeshampu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ii-cationic surfactants zingasetyenziswa kuphela njengezithako zokuthambisa okanye ii-bactericides.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-21-2026