E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị surfactants. Site na mmepụta, surfactants anionic na-enweta 56%, surfactants nonionic 36%, amphoteric surfactants 5%, na cationic surfactants 3%.
2. Anionic Surfactants
2.1 Anionic Surfactants nke ụdị Sulfonate
Ụdị surfactants ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate na sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, nke a makwaara dịka LAS ma ọ bụ ABS, bụ ihe siri ike nke na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ odo odo na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ nke na-agbaze agbaze n'ime mmiri. Ọ naghị agbaze mmiri nke ọma na obere okpomọkụ yana mmiri na-agbaze n'okpuru 3 n'ime mmiri na okpomọkụ ụlọ, mana ọ nwere ezigbo mgbaze na sistemụ surfactant compound. Ọ nwere ezigbo nkwụsi ike megide alkalis, acid diluted na mmiri siri ike, yana okpomọkụ nke 240℃. Ndekọ mkpasu iwe ya nke 10% ngwọta bụ 5.0, ọnụego mmebi nje bacteria dị site na 80% ruo 90%, uru LD50 bụ 1300 ruo 2500 mg/kg.
A na-akpọ ya AOS. Mgbe ihe dị n'ime ya dị n'etiti 38% na 40%, ọ na-apụta dị ka mmiri odo odo na-acha odo odo ma na-agbaze nke ukwuu n'ime mmiri. Ọ na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike n'ofe oke pH; mgbe echekwara ya ruo ụbọchị atọ na 30℃ n'okpuru ụkpụrụ pH nke 2, 4 na 10 n'otu n'otu, ọnụego hydrolysis ya ka bụ efu n'ọnọdụ niile. Ọ na-akpata obere mgbakasị akpụkpọ ahụ, na-enweta ọnụego mmebi nje bacteria 100%, ma nwee uru LD50 nke 1300 ruo 2400 mg/kg.
N'ozuzu, a naghị eji LAS eme ihe n'ime shampoo na ihe e ji asa ahụ, a na-etinyekwa ya n'ime ihe e ji asa ákwà na ihe e ji asa efere. N'ime ihe e ji asa efere, LAS nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị ka ọkara nke ihe e ji asa ákwà, ebe enwere ike ịgbanwe oke ya na ihe e ji asa ákwà n'ime ọtụtụ ihe bara uru.
LAS na-enweta mmiri dị mma nke na-agbaze nke ọma karịsịa na oke okpomọkụ dị elu dịka 60℃ na mgbe ejiri ya na ụfọdụ surfactants ndị ọzọ. A na-ejikarị usoro ihe mejupụtara ternary "LAS-AES-FFA" eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmiri ịsa efere, a na-ejikwa usoro ihe mejupụtara "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" eme ihe n'ime ihe nhicha mmiri ịsa ákwà. Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na njikọta LAS kpọmkwem na nonionic surfactant alkylol amide anaghị enweta mmetụta zuru oke; sistemụ "LAS-FFA" anaghị akwụsi ike ma nwee obere viscosity ma na-egosi ọdịdị mmiri ara ehi ọcha.
LAS nọ n'ọkwa mbụ n'ihe mmepụta ya, nke nwere ike iru kilogram 290 kwa afọ, ọ bụkwa surfactant sịntetik kachasị ọnụ ala. Ọ nwere ọnụ ahịa kacha ala n'etiti surfactant ise kachasị elu na-emepụta ihe dị elu, ọnụ ahịa ya dịkwa ka nke ncha (ncha abụba) n'etiti surfactant anionic nkịtị. LAS bụ nke a na-ahụ site na nkwụsi ike dị mma, ihe nhicha siri ike na ọnụ ala dị ala, ebe ihe ọghọm ya pụtara ìhè bụ oke iwe.
N'etiti sulfonate surfactants niile, AOS na-enye arụmọrụ zuru oke zuru oke. Ọ na-eketa ma na-eme ka uru nke sulfonates nkịtị dịkwuo mma ma na-ezere ihe ndọghachi azụ ha. Dịka otu n'ime surfactants bụ isi, a na-ejikarị AOS eme ihe n'ọtụtụ shampoos na ịsa ahụ ahụ, ojiji ya na ihe ndị ọzọ na-asa mmiri mmiri ga-amụba nwayọ nwayọ yana mmepụta mpaghara na mbelata ọnụahịa.
AOS nwere uru pụrụ iche dịka nkwụsi ike dị elu, mmiri na-agbaze nke ọma, ndakọrịta dị mma, obere mgbakasị ahụ na oke mbibi nje bacteria. Isi ihe na-adịghị mma ya bụ na ọ dị oke ọnụ n'etiti ihe niile na-eme ka mmiri anionic dị.
2.2 Sulfates Anionic Surfactant
Ụdị surfactants ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate na sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, nke a makwaara dị ka AES ma ọ bụ alcohol ether sulfate, na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'ime mmiri. Mgbe ihe dị n'ime ya ruru 70%, ọ na-adị ka mmiri na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo, nkwụsi ike ya dịkwa ala karịa nke sulfonates nkịtị. Ọ na-enweta hydrolysis ngwa ngwa mgbe uru pH dị n'okpuru 4, mana ọ na-enwe ezigbo nkwụsi ike hydrolysis na gburugburu alkaline. Mgbe echekwara ya ruo ụbọchị atọ na 30°C n'okpuru ọnọdụ pH 2, pH 4 na pH 10, ọnụego hydrolysis ya bụ 100%, 50% na 0 n'otu n'otu. Ọ nwere obere mgbakasị ahụ yana ntụ ntụ nke 2.3 maka mmiri 10% ya, ọnụego biodegradation karịrị 90%, na uru LD50 nke 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, nke a na-akpọ AS, K12, sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị, na-agbaze n'ime mmiri yana mmiri na-agbaze ihe dị ka 15 na 25°C, nke dị ala karịa nke AES. Ọ naghị emetụta alkalis na mmiri siri ike, mana nkwụsi ike ya n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic adịghị ike karịa sulfonates nkịtị ma dị nso na nke AES. Okpomọkụ okpomọkụ ogologo oge ekwesịghị ịgafe 95°C. Ọ nwere obere mgbakasị ahụ n'etiti surfactants; ihe ngwọta 10% ya nwere ihe ngosi mgbakasị ahụ nke 3.3, dị elu karịa AES na dị ala karịa LAS, yana uru LD50 nke 1300 mg/kg.
A na-etinye AES n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime shampoo, ihe e ji asa ahụ, ihe e ji asa efere na ihe e ji asa ákwà. N'ọrụ bara uru, a ga-ebuli uru pH ka ọ bụrụ nke na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma dịka o kwere mee ma ọ bụrụ na ụkpụrụ pH dị mkpa kwere. Mgbe a ga-eji AES n'okpuru ọnọdụ pH dị ala dịka na shampoo, a na-ejikarị ụdị nnu ethanolamine ya eme ihe. AES nwere ike ịgbaze mmiri karịa AS ma nwee ike ịmepụta ya ka ọ bụrụ mmiri doro anya n'ogo ọ bụla na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere LAS, AES na-enweta ojiji sara mbara na ihe e ji asa mmiri na ndakọrịta dị elu, nke nwere ike ijikọta ya na ọtụtụ surfactants na njikọta abụọ ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ iji mepụta ngwọta mmiri doro anya. N'etiti ihe e ji asa ákwà, AES nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ na mmepụta ya na ọnụ ahịa dị ala karịa AS; ọnụ ahịa nke 70% AES bụ yuan 8500 kwa tọn na 2002. Uru ya pụtara ìhè gụnyere obere iwe, mmiri dị mma, ndakọrịta dị mma na mmetụta dị egwu n'igbochi akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ na nke siri ike. Isi ihe na-akpata ya bụ enweghị ike ịkwụsi ike na mmiri acidic, nke chọrọ ka a debe uru pH karịa 4, ihe nhicha ya adịghịkwa ike karịa nke LAS na AS.
Mgbe a na-etinye AS n'ime ihe nhicha mmiri, a ga-achịkwa gburugburu pH iji zere oke acidity. Nnu ethanolamine ma ọ bụ nnu ammonium ya dị mkpa maka ojiji ya na shampoo na ịsa ahụ ahụ. Ntinye nke nnu ethanolamine ya agaghị eme ka iguzogide acid dịkwuo mma kamakwa belata mkpasu iwe, na ndepụta mkpasu iwe nke 10% triethanolamine nnu ya bụ 3.0. A naghị eji AS eme ihe na mmiri ịsa efere, ọ naghịkwa arụ ọrụ dị ka surfactant mbụ nwere obere dose na usoro, ọkachasị n'ihi na ọ naghị adị mma maka ibelata ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa na ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ enweghị ihe achọrọ maka arụmọrụ ụfụfụ. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke ise na mmepụta nke surfactants sịntetik, AS dị ọnụ ala karịa, a na-erekwa ụdị ntụ ntụ ya na yuan 15000 kwa tọn na 2002. E wezụga ikike ụfụfụ pụrụ iche na ihe nhicha siri ike, AS dị ala karịa AES na ọtụtụ arụmọrụ ọrụ, dị ka nkwụsi ike acid dị ntakịrị na iwe dị elu (naanị ala karịa LAS), ọ nwekwara ọnụ ahịa kachasị elu n'etiti surfactants anionic nkịtị.
3.Ndị Surfactants na-abụghị ionic
Ụdị surfactants ndị na-abụghị ionic bụ alkylolamide (FFA), mmanya fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), na alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE ma ọ bụ OP). Ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants nwere ihe ndị dị mma dịka ịgbaze mmiri, ịsacha ihe, arụmọrụ antistatic, obere mgbakasị ahụ na ikike ịgbasa ncha lime. Ha nwere oke pH sara mbara karịa ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants nkịtị, ha dịkwa mma karịa ndị na-abụghị anionic surfactants nkịtị n'ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ma e wezụga ikike ịsacha ihe na ụfụfụ. Nnwale ndị a na-egosi na itinye obere ihe ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactant na sistemụ surfactant ionic nwere ike ime ka ọrụ elu ahụ dịkwuo mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu ihe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ.
Alkylolamides bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe nke ukwuu ma na-ejikarị ha eme ihe, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ihe nhicha mmiri. Nkọwapụta ndị bụ isi nke alkylolamides eji eme ihe n'ime ihe nhicha mmiri bụ 2:1 amide na 1.5:1 amide, amide dịkwa maka ojiji. Nkọwapụta atọ ndị a dị iche na nke ọma n'ihe gbasara mmiri na ihe na-eme ka ọ sie ike. N'ikwu ya n'ozuzu, amide 1.5:1 nwere arụmọrụ zuru oke ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ihe gbasara ịsa efere. N'ozuzu, amide 1:1 nwere ike ịgbaze ngwa ngwa naanị mgbe ejiri ya na ihe ndị ọzọ na-agbaze mmiri. Alkylolamides dabara adaba maka ihe nhicha alkaline ma enwere ike iji ya na ihe nhicha na-adịghị mma.
N'ime ihe niile na-abụghị ionic surfactants, alkylolamides bụ ndị kacha dị ọnụ ala, ọnụ ahịa ha bụ yuan 7,800 kwa tọn na 2002. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe ncha mmiri mmiri karịa polyoxyethylene ethers nke nwere abụba, ha bụkwa surfactants ndị bụ isi a na-etinye na shampoo. Isi ihe kpatara ya bụ ndị a: FFA nwere ọrụ zuru oke ma dị elu karịa AE; FFA dị ọnụ ala na ọnụ ahịa; FFA nwere ike ịgbaze nke ọma; FFA nwekwara arụmọrụ ụfụfụ siri ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere AE.
Amphoteric surfactants bụ surfactants nwere ma anionic na cationic hydrophilic otu. N'ihi ya, ha na-egosipụta cationic na ngwọta acidic, anionic na ngwọta alkaline, na ihe ndị yiri ha na non-ionic surfactants na ngwọta na-anọpụ iche.
A na-agbaze Amphoteric surfactants ngwa ngwa na mmiri, mmiri acid na alkali a gwakọtara agwakọta, yana mmiri nnu inorganic a gwakọtara agwakọta. Ha nwere ezigbo iguzogide mmiri siri ike, obere mgbakasị akpụkpọ ahụ, arụmọrụ dị mma nke ákwà na-eme ka ọ dị nro, ihe onwunwe antistatic dị egwu na mmetụta dị mma nke nje bacteria, ma nwee nnukwu ndakọrịta na ụdị surfactants dị iche iche.
A pụrụ iji ngwaahịa ndị a mee ihe n'ime oke pH sara mbara. N'ihi ọnọdụ ionic ha n'okpuru gburugburu acid-base dị iche iche, ha na-enye arụmọrụ ka mma n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic na nke na-anọpụ iche karịa n'okpuru ọnọdụ alkaline. N'ozuzu, amphoteric surfactants dị oke ọnụ karịa non-ionic surfactants.
Ụdị surfactant amphoteric dị mkpa a na-ahụkarị gụnyere dodecyldimethylbetaine na carboxylate-ụdị imidazoline. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere surfactant anionic, surfactants na-abụghị ionic nwere ihe ndị zuru oke karịa, ha enweghịkwa obere nsogbu, naanị ha dị ala karịa na ihe nhicha na ikike ịfụ ụfụfụ. Mgbe e jiri ya tụnyere surfactants na-abụghị ionic, surfactants amphoteric dị mma karịa na ụfọdụ ihe onwunwe ma yie ya na ndị ọzọ.
Amphoteric surfactants nwere ike ịfụ ụfụfụ karịa ndị nkịtị na-abụghị ionic surfactants (ebe AE surfactants enweghị ike ịfụ ụfụfụ), ọrụ nje bacteria dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-abụghị ionic na anionic surfactants, ha nwekwara mmetụta ka mma maka ime ka ahụ dị jụụ. N'ihi nke a, n'ime ihe nhicha mmiri mmiri, a na-etinye amphoteric surfactants n'ime shampoo, wee tinye ihe nhicha akpụkpọ ahụ dịka ịsa ahụ.
5. Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime Cationic pụta ìhè
Ụdị ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic silicone oil, Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) na ndị ọzọ.
N'ime ihe ndị e ji asa ákwà mmiri mmiri, cationic surfactants na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe enyemaka na ihe ndị e ji eme ka ihe dị jụụ, ha anaghịkwa etinye ha n'ime ihe ndị dị elu, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ime shampoos. Enweghị ike iji cationic surfactants na anionic surfactants gwakọta ha ozugbo. Ọ bụ ezie na njikọta nke cationic na anionic surfactants nwere ike ime ka ihe dị mma, ha nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke sedimentation na crystallization.
A na-eji ọtụtụ ụdị cationic surfactants eme ihe n'ime shampoos nwere ugboro ole a na-eji eme ihe, nke pụtara na ọ dịghị otu ma ọ bụ ụdị abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe, a na-emekwa ha ka ha bụrụ ngwaahịa emechara eme. Cationic surfactants na-akpata obere òkè na mkpokọta mmepụta nke surfactants ma na-adịkarị ọnụ karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ.
Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị surfactants ndị ọzọ, cationic surfactants nwere mmetụta kachasị pụta ìhè na ọrụ kachasị ike nke igbu nje bacteria. N'agbanyeghị nsogbu ha dịka nhicha ezé na-adịghị mma, ikike ịfụ ụfụfụ na-adịghị ike, ndakọrịta na-adịghị mma, oke iwe na ọnụ ahịa dị elu, ha enweghị ike dochie ha site na surfactants ndị ọzọ dị ka ihe mkpuchi na ncha mmiri dị elu na shampoos. Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na enwere ike iji cationic surfactants naanị dị ka ihe mkpuchi ma ọ bụ nje bacteria.
Oge ozi: Mee-21-2026