Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa surfactants. Ukurikije umusaruro, surfactants za anionic zigira 56%, surfactants zidafite ionic 36%, surfactants za amphoteric 5%, na surfactants za cationic 3%.
2. Surfactants za Anionic
2.1 Surfactants zo mu bwoko bwa Sulfonate zo mu bwoko bwa Anionic
Ubwoko busanzwe bwa bene ibyo bintu birimo sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate na sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, izwi kandi nka LAS cyangwa ABS, ni ifu y'umuhondo werurutse cyangwa ifu y'umuhondo cyangwa ipfutse mu mazi. Ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga nabi mu mazi ku bushyuhe buri hasi, ikaba ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga munsi ya 3 mu mazi ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, nyamara ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga neza mu buryo bw'ibinyabutabire. Ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana neza na alkali, aside ivanze n'amazi akomeye, ifite ubushyuhe bwa 240°C. Igipimo cyayo cy'ubushyuhe cya 10% ni 5.0, igipimo cyo kwangirika kwa mikorobe kiri hagati ya 80% na 90%, kandi agaciro ka LD50 ni 1300 kugeza 2500 mg/kg.
Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate ihinnye nka AOS. Iyo ingano y'ikintu gikora iri hagati ya 38% na 40%, kigaragara nk'amazi y'umuhondo kandi gishongera cyane mu mazi. Kigumana ubusugire bwiza mu rugero rwa pH runini; nyuma yo kubikwa iminsi itatu kuri 30°C munsi y'agaciro ka pH ka 2, 4 na 10, igipimo cyayo cya hydrolysis gikomeza kuba zeru mu bihe byose. Gitera ububabare bworoheje ku ruhu, kigera ku gipimo cya mikorobe 100%, kandi gifite agaciro ka LD50 ka 1300 kugeza 2400 mg/kg.
Muri rusange, LAS ntikunze gukoreshwa mu shampoo no mu byoza umubiri, kandi ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu masabune yo kumesa imyenda n'ayo koza amasahani. Mu masabune yo kumesa amasahani, LAS ishobora kuba igizwe na kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibintu byose bikoreshwa mu gusukura amasahani, mu gihe igipimo cyayo mu masabune yo kumesa imyenda gishobora guhindurwa mu buryo burambuye.
LAS irushaho gushonga neza mu mazi cyane cyane iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru nka 60°C ndetse no iyo ivanze n'indi miti imwe n'imwe. Sisitemu isanzwe ya "ternary compound" "LAS-AES-FFA" ikoreshwa cyane mu mazi yoza amasahani, naho sisitemu ya "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" ikoreshwa cyane mu masabune yo kumesa imyenda. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko gushyira LAS mu masabune adafite ionic surfactant alkylol amide akenshi binanirwa kugera ku ngaruka nziza; sisitemu ya "LAS-FFA" ntihindagurika kandi ifite ubushyuhe buke kandi igaragaza imiterere y'umweru nk'amata.
LAS iza ku mwanya wa mbere mu musaruro ifite ingano ya kilotoni 290 ku mwaka kandi ni yo surfactant ihendutse cyane. Ifite igiciro gito cyane mu surfactants eshanu za mbere zikora cyane, kandi igiciro cyayo kigereranywa n'icy'isabune (isabune ya aside irike) mu surfactants zisanzwe za anionic. LAS irangwa no kudahungabana cyane, ubushobozi bwo gusukura ibintu bikomeye no kugabanuka kw'ibiciro, mu gihe ikibazo cyayo gikomeye ari ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Muri surfactants zose za sulfonate, AOS itanga imikorere myiza cyane. Irakura kandi ikongera ibyiza bya sulfonate zisanzwe mu gihe yirinda ingaruka mbi zayo. Nk'imwe mu surfactants z'ingenzi, AOS ikoreshwa cyane mu shampoos no mu gukaraba umubiri, kandi ikoreshwa ryayo mu zindi sabuni z'amazi rizagenda rikura buhoro buhoro hamwe n'umusaruro w'aho ikoreshwa ndetse n'igabanuka ry'ibiciro.
AOS ifite ibyiza bidasanzwe birimo kudahungabana cyane, gushonga neza mu mazi, guhuza neza, kudakurura cyane no kwangirika neza kwa mikorobe. Ingorane zayo nyamukuru ni uko ihenze cyane mu bintu byose bitera anionic surfactants.
2.2 Sulfate ya Anionic Surfactant
Ubwoko busanzwe bw'ibinyabutabire nk'ibi birimo sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate na sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Ifu ya sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, izwi kandi nka AES cyangwa alcohol ether sulfate, ishongera mu mazi byoroshye. Iyo ingano y'ikintu ikora igeze kuri 70%, isa n'amazi y'umuhondo werurutse kandi ajimye, kandi ubuziranenge bwayo buba buri hasi y'ubwa sulfonates zisanzwe. Inyura mu mazi vuba iyo pH iri munsi ya 4, ariko ifite ubuziranenge bwiza bwo gushonga mu bintu biri mu mazi. Nyuma yo kubikwa iminsi itatu kuri 30°C munsi ya pH 2, pH 4 na pH 10, ubuziranenge bwayo bwo gushonga ni 100%, 50% na 0. Ifite ubushyuhe buke hamwe n'igipimo cy'ubushyuhe cya 2.3 ku gipimo cyayo cya 10% cy'amazi, igipimo cyo kubora kw'ibinyabuzima kirenga 90%, n'igipimo cya LD50 cya 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, yitwa AS, K12, sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate cyangwa ifuro, ishongeshwa mu mazi ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga bw'amazi bwa dogere selisiyusi zigera kuri 15 kuri dogere selisiyusi 25, ari munsi y'ubwa AES. Ntiyumva alkali n'amazi akomeye, ariko ihamye mu gihe cy'aside ni nkeya ugereranyije na sulfonates zisanzwe kandi hafi y'iza AES. Ubushyuhe bw'igihe kirekire bwo gushyushya ntibugomba kurenza dogere selisiyusi 95. Ifite ubushyuhe buringaniye mu bintu bikoresha surfactants; umuti wayo wa 10% ufite igipimo cy'ubushyuhe cya 3.3, kiri hejuru ya AES kandi kiri munsi ya LAS, ifite agaciro ka LD50 ka 1300 mg/kg.
AES ikoreshwa cyane mu shampoo, mu gukaraba umubiri, mu gikoresho cyo koza amasahani no mu isabune y'amazi yo kumesa imyenda. Mu buryo bufatika, agaciro ka pH kagomba kuzamurwa kakagera kuri alkaline idafite aho ibogamiye cyangwa ifite alkaline nkeya uko bishoboka kose niba amahame y'ubuziranenge bwa pH abikwemerera. Iyo AES igomba gukoreshwa mu bihe bya pH nke nko muri shampoo, imiterere yayo y'umunyu wa ethanolamine ikoreshwa muri rusange. AES ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga neza kurusha AS kandi ishobora gukorwamo ibisubizo by'amazi bibonerana mu rugero urwo arirwo rwose mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Ugereranyije na LAS, AES ikoreshwa cyane mu isabune y'amazi kandi ihuye neza cyane, ishobora kuvangwa n'ibintu byinshi bivanze mu buryo bubiri cyangwa bwinshi kugira ngo ikore ibisubizo by'amazi bibonerana. Mu bintu bikozwe mu buryo bwa sintetike, AES iza ku mwanya wa gatatu mu gutanga umusaruro ifite igiciro kiri hasi kurusha AS; igiciro cya 70% AES cyari yuan 8500 kuri toni mu 2002. Ibyiza byayo bizwi birimo kurakara gake, gushonga neza kw'amazi, guhuza neza n'ingaruka nziza mu gukumira uruhu rwumye kandi rudakomeye. Ingorane nyamukuru yayo iri mu kutagira ubushobozi bwo guhagarara neza mu bintu bitera aside, ibyo bikaba bisaba ko pH iguma hejuru cyane ya 4, kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo kuyungurura bukaba buke ugereranyije n’ubwa LAS na AS.
Mu gihe ukoresha AS mu isabune y'amazi, pH igomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo wirinde aside nyinshi. Umunyu wayo wa ethanolamine cyangwa umunyu wa ammonium ni ngombwa kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu shampoo no mu gukaraba umubiri. Gukoresha umunyu wayo wa ethanolamine ntibishobora kongera gusa ubushobozi bwo kudahangana n'aside ahubwo binagabanya ubushyuhe, kandi igipimo cy'ubushyuhe cy'umunyu wayo wa triethanolamine wa 10% ni 3.0. AS ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane mu mazi yoza amasahani kandi ntabwo ikunze gukoreshwa nk'umunyu wa surfactant w'ibanze ufite dose nke mu ma formula, ahanini kubera ko idakwiye kugabanya ikiguzi cy'ibicuruzwa kandi ibyo bicuruzwa bifite ibisabwa kugira ngo bikore neza. Iza ku mwanya wa gatanu mu musaruro w'imiti ikora, AS ifite igiciro kiri hejuru, kandi ifu yayo yari ingana na yuan 15000 kuri toni mu 2002. Uretse ubushobozi bwo gusohora ifuro n'uburyo bukomeye bwo kuyisukura, AS ni nto ugereranyije na AES mu mikorere myinshi ya serivisi, nko kudahangana n'aside no gushyuha cyane (hasi ugereranyije na LAS gusa), kandi ifite igiciro kinini mu miti isanzwe ya anionic.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibinyabutabire bitari ionic birimo alkylolamide (FFA), polyoxyethylene ether irimo fatty alcohol (AE), na alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE cyangwa OP). Ibinyabutabire bitari ionic bifite imiterere myiza nko gushonga, kubikuraho, gukora nabi, gucika intege nke no gukwirakwiza isabune y'ishwagara. Bifite pH yagutse ikoreshwa kurusha ibinyabutabire bisanzwe bya ionic, kandi biruta ibinyabutabire bisanzwe bya anionic mu miterere myinshi uretse ubushobozi bwo kubikuraho no kubikuraho. Igerageza ryerekana ko kongeramo bike bya binyabutabire bitari ionic muri sisitemu ya ionic bishobora kongera imikorere y'ubuso muri rusange iyo ugereranije n'ibinyabutabire bimwe bikora.
Alkylolamides ni imiti ikoreshwa cyane kandi idakoresha ionic, ikunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho bitandukanye by’amazi. Ibipimo by’ingenzi bya alkylolamides ikoreshwa mu bikoresho by’amazi ni 2:1 amide na 1.5:1 amide, naho 1:1 amide nayo iraboneka kugira ngo ikoreshwe. Ibipimo bitatu bitandukanye cyane mu gushonga no gukomera kw’amazi. Muri rusange, 1.5:1 amide ifite imikorere iringaniye kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byo koza amasahani. Ubusanzwe, 1:1 amide ishobora gushonga byoroshye iyo ivanze n’ibindi bikoresho bishongesha amazi. Alkylolamides ikwiriye cyane mu bikoresho by’amazi birimo alkaline kandi ishobora no gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by’amazi birimo aside nkeya.
Mu bintu byose bidafite ionic surfactants, alkylolamides ni yo ihendutse cyane, ikaba ifite igiciro cya yuan 7.800 kuri toni mu 2002. Ikoreshwa cyane mu isabune y'amazi kurusha ethers za polyoxyethylene alcohol, kandi ni na zo zikoreshwa mu isabune zidafite ionic surfactants za mbere muri shampoo. Impamvu nyamukuru ni izi zikurikira: FFA ifite imikorere myiza kandi ihebuje kurusha AE; FFA ihendutse ku giciro; FFA ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga neza; kandi FFA ifite ubushobozi bwo gusohora ifuro cyane ugereranije na AE.
Amphoteric surfactants ni surfactants zifite amatsinda ya anionic na cationic hydrophilic. Bityo, zigaragaza imiterere ya cationic mu bisubizo bya aside, imiterere ya anionic mu bisubizo bya alkaline, n'imiterere isa n'iy'atari ionic mu bisubizo bidafite aho bibogamiye.
Imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura aside na alkali byoroshye gushonga mu mazi, ndetse n'imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura aside na alkali, ndetse n'imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura umunyu. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya amazi akomeye, uruhu rukarakara gake, ikora neza mu koroshya imyenda, ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere kandi ikagira ingaruka nziza ku mikorobe, kandi ikorana neza n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura aside.
Ibicuruzwa nk'ibi bishobora gukoreshwa mu rugero rwa pH runini. Ukurikije imiterere ya ioni yazo mu bidukikije bitandukanye bya aside, bitanga umusaruro mwiza mu bihe bya aside n'ibitari mu kirere ugereranyije n'ibihe bya alkaline. Muri rusange, amphoteric surfactants irahenze kurusha inon-ionic surfactants.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi busanzwe bwa amphoteric surfactants burimo dodecyldimethylbetaine na imidazoline yo mu bwoko bwa carboxylate. Ugereranyije na anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants zifite imiterere myinshi kandi zifite ibibazo bike, gusa ni nke mu bijyanye no gusukura no gusohora ifuro. Ugereranyije na non-ionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants ni nziza mu miterere imwe n'imwe kandi zingana n'izindi.
Imiti ikoreshwa mu gukaraba ifite imbaraga zo gukaraba kurusha imiti isanzwe ikoreshwa mu gukaraba (mu gihe imiti ikoreshwa mu gukaraba ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gukaraba), ikora neza cyane mu kwica bagiteri ugereranije n’imiti ikoreshwa mu gukaraba ifite ubushobozi bwo gukaraba, kandi ikora neza kurushaho. Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu isabune y’amazi, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukaraba ikoreshwa mu gukaraba uruhu ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukaraba uruhu, hanyuma hagakurikiraho imiti isukura uruhu nko gukaraba umubiri.
5. Imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima imiterere y'ibinyabutabire
Ubwoko busanzwe bwa surfactants za cationic burimo Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, amavuta ya silicone ya cationic, Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) n'ibindi.
Mu byuma bisukura amazi, ibikoresho bisukura cationic bikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho by'inyongera n'ibikoresho byo kuvura indwara hamwe n'ingano nto mu ma formula. Muri rusange bikoreshwa mu bikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, cyane cyane mu shampoo. Ibikoresho bisukura cationic ntibishobora guhuzwa na anionic surfactants. Nubwo uruvange rwa cationic na anionic surfactants rushobora kugira ingaruka nziza, rufite ibyago byinshi byo kwangirika no gucikamo ibice.
Ubwoko bwinshi bwa cationic surfactants bukoreshwa mu shampoo zifite frequencies zitandukanye, bivuze ko nta bwoko bumwe cyangwa bubiri bukoreshwa cyane, kandi akenshi ziba zikozwe mu bikoresho byo gutunganya neza. Cationic surfactants zigize igice gito mu musaruro wose w'imashini zitunganya kandi akenshi zirahenze kurusha izindi ngeri.
Ugereranyije n'ubundi bwoko bwa surfactants, cationic surfactants zifite ingaruka zikomeye zo kuvura no kwica bagiteri. Nubwo zifite ingorane nko kuba zidakora neza, ubushobozi buke bwo gusohora ifuro, kuba zidahuye neza n'ibindi bintu, kuba zishyushye cyane no kugabanuka cyane, ntizishobora gusimburwa n'izindi surfactants nk'ibice bifasha mu kuvura mu isabune y'amazi n'ishampoos. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko cationic surfactants zishobora gukoreshwa gusa nk'ibice bifasha mu kuvura cyangwa mu kuvura bagiteri.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-21-2026