Nui nā ʻano surfactants. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka hana, ʻo 56% nā surfactants anionic, 36% nā surfactants nonionic, 5% nā surfactants amphoteric, a me 3% nā surfactants cationic.
2. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic
2.1 Nā Surfactants Anionic ʻano Sulfonate
ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau o ia mau surfactants e komo pū me ka sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate a me ka sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
ʻO ka sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo LAS a i ʻole ABS, he pauka keʻokeʻo a melemele paha a i ʻole he mea paʻa palupalu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Hōʻike ia i ka solubility wai maikaʻi ʻole i nā mahana haʻahaʻa me ka solubility ma lalo o 3 i ka wai ma ka mahana o ka lumi, akā he solubility maikaʻi loa ia i nā ʻōnaehana surfactant hui. Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi e kūʻē i nā alkalis, nā waikawa dilute a me ka wai paʻakikī, me ka mahana decomposition o 240 ℃. ʻO kona helu hoʻonāukiuki o 10% solution he 5.0, ʻo ka helu degradation microbial mai 80% a 90%, a ʻo ka waiwai LD50 he 1300 a 2500 mg/kg.
Ua pōkole ʻia ʻo Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate ʻo AOS. Ke loaʻa ka nui o ka mea hana ma waena o 38% a me 40%, ʻike ʻia ia he wai melemele moakaka a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Mālama ia i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi ma kahi ākea o ka pH; ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana no ʻekolu lā ma 30℃ ma lalo o nā waiwai pH o 2, 4 a me 10, noho mau kona helu hydrolysis i ka ʻole ma nā hihia āpau. Hoʻoulu ia i ka huhū iki o ka ʻili, loaʻa ka helu hoʻohaʻahaʻa microbial 100%, a he waiwai LD50 o 1300 a 2400 mg/kg.
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻaʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka LAS i nā shampoos a me nā holoi kino, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā wai holoi lole a me nā wai holoi kīʻaha. I loko o nā wai holoi kīʻaha, hiki i ka LAS ke helu no ka hapalua o ka huina o nā surfactants, ʻoiai ʻo kona hapa i loko o nā wai holoi lole hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia i loko o kahi ākea ākea.
Loaʻa iā LAS ka solubility wai maikaʻi ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e like me 60 ℃ a i ka wā e hui pū ʻia me kekahi mau surfactants ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hui ternary maʻamau "LAS-AES-FFA" i nā wai holoi kīʻaha, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hui "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" i nā wai holoi lole. He mea kūpono ia e ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i ka hui pololei ʻana o LAS me ka nonionic surfactant alkylol amide ke hoʻokō i nā hopena kūpono; ʻaʻole paʻa ka ʻōnaehana "LAS-FFA" me ka viscosity haʻahaʻa a hōʻike i kahi ʻano waiū keʻokeʻo.
ʻO LAS ke kūlana mua ma ka hana me ka nui o ka hana makahiki o 290 kilotona a ʻo ia ka surfactant synthetic makepono loa. Loaʻa iā ia ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa loa ma waena o nā surfactants synthetic kiʻekiʻe ʻelima kiʻekiʻe, a ua like kona kumukūʻai me ke kumu kopa (nā kopa momona momona) ma waena o nā surfactants anionic maʻamau. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo LAS e ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa, ka detergent ikaika a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻo kona hemahema koʻikoʻi ka huhū kiʻekiʻe.
Ma waena o nā surfactants sulfonate āpau, hāʻawi ʻo AOS i ka hana piha kūpono. Hoʻoilina ia a hoʻonui hou aku i nā pono o nā sulfonates maʻamau me ka pale ʻana i ko lākou mau hemahema kūlohelohe. Ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā surfactants mua nui, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo AOS i nā shampoos a me nā holoi kino, a ʻo kāna hoʻohana ʻana i nā detergents wai ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui mālie ʻia me ka hana localization a me ka emi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai.
Loaʻa iā AOS nā pono koʻikoʻi e like me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe, ka solubility maikaʻi loa i ka wai, ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi, ka huhū haʻahaʻa a me ka biodegradability microbial kūpono. ʻO kona hemahema nui, ʻo ia ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā surfactants anionic āpau.
2.2 Nā Sulfate Surfactant Anionic
ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau o ia mau surfactants e komo pū me ka sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate a me ka sodium dodecyl sulfate.
ʻO ka sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo AES a i ʻole ka alcohol ether sulfate, he mea maʻalahi ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Ke hiki ka nui o ka mea hana i ka 70%, ʻike ʻia ia he wai translucent melemele palupalu, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona kūpaʻa ma mua o nā sulfonates maʻamau. Hoʻomalo koke ia i ka wā ma lalo o 4 ka waiwai pH, akā he kūpaʻa hydrolysis maikaʻi loa ia i nā wahi alkaline. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana no ʻekolu lā ma 30°C ma lalo o nā kūlana pH 2, pH 4 a me pH 10, ʻo kona mau helu hydrolysis he 100%, 50% a me 0. Hōʻike ia i ka huhū haʻahaʻa me kahi helu huhū o 2.3 no kāna hopena wai 10%, kahi helu biodegradation ma luna o 90%, a me ka waiwai LD50 o 1800 mg/kg.
ʻO ka sodium dodecyl sulfate, i kapa ʻia ʻo AS, K12, sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopū, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai me ka solubility wai ma kahi o 15 ma 25°C, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka AES. ʻAʻole ia e pili i nā alkalis a me ka wai paʻakikī, akā ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o kona kūpaʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic ma mua o nā sulfonates maʻamau a kokoke i ka AES. ʻAʻole pono e ʻoi aku ka mahana wela lōʻihi ma mua o 95°C. Loaʻa iā ia ka huhū haʻahaʻa ma waena o nā surfactants; ʻO kāna hopena 10% he helu hoʻonāukiuki o 3.3, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o AES a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o LAS, me ka waiwai LD50 o 1300 mg/kg.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo AES i ka shampoo, ka holoi kino, ka wai holoi kīʻaha a me ka wai holoi lole. I ka hoʻohana pono ʻana, pono e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka waiwai pH i ka neutral a i ʻole ka alkaline nāwaliwali e like me ka hiki inā ʻae nā kūlana maikaʻi pH pili. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo AES ma lalo o nā kūlana pH haʻahaʻa e like me ka shampoo, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kona ʻano paʻakai ethanolamine. Loaʻa iā AES ka solubility wai maikaʻi ma mua o AS a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā hopena wai moakaka ma kekahi ʻano ma ka mahana o ka lumi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me LAS, hauʻoli ʻo AES i ka hoʻohana ākea i nā detergents wai a me ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi loa, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me nā surfactants he nui i nā hui binary a i ʻole nā hui he nui e hana i nā hopena wai moakaka. Ma waena o nā surfactants synthetic, ʻo AES ke kolu o ka hana me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa ma mua o AS; ʻo ke kumukūʻai o 70% AES he 8500 yuan no kēlā me kēia ton i ka makahiki 2002. ʻO kona mau pono koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka huhū haʻahaʻa, ka solubility wai maikaʻi, ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi loa a me ka hopena kupaianaha i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻili maloʻo a ʻinoʻino. ʻO kona hemahema nui, ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa ʻole i nā pāpaho waikawa, kahi e pono ai ka waiwai pH e mālama ʻia ma luna o 4, a ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o kona detergent ma mua o ko LAS a me AS.
I ka hoʻopili ʻana iā AS i nā mea holoi wai, pono e kāohi ʻia ke kaiapuni pH e pale aku i ka nui o ka acidity. Pono kona mau paʻakai ethanolamine a i ʻole nā paʻakai ammonium no kāna hoʻopili ʻana i ka shampoo a me ka holoi kino. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau paʻakai ethanolamine ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui wale i ke kūpaʻa o ka waikawa akā e hōʻemi hoʻi i ka huhū, a ʻo ka helu hoʻonāukiuki o kāna hopena paʻakai triethanolamine 10% he 3.0. Kākaʻikahi ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o AS i ka wai holoi kīʻaha a kākaʻikahi ka lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he surfactant mua me ka dosage haʻahaʻa i nā formula, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he kūpono ʻole no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai huahana a ʻaʻohe koi o ia mau huahana no ka hana hua. ʻO ka helu ʻelima i ka hana o nā surfactants synthetic, ua kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai o AS, a ua kūʻai ʻia kona ʻano pauka ma 15000 yuan no ka ton i ka makahiki 2002. Ma waho aʻe o ka hiki ke hua maikaʻi loa a me ka detergency ikaika, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o AS ma mua o AES i ka hapa nui o nā hana lawelawe, e like me ka paʻa o ka pale ʻana i ka waikawa a me ka huhū kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o LAS), a loaʻa iā ia ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā surfactants anionic maʻamau.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā surfactants non-ionic e komo pū me ka alkylolamide (FFA), ka momona waiʻona polyoxyethylene ether (AE), a me ka alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE a i ʻole OP). Loaʻa i nā surfactants non-ionic nā waiwai maikaʻi loa e like me ka solubilization, detergent, hana antistatic, haʻahaʻa ka huhū a me ka hiki ke hoʻopuehu i ka kopa lime. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi pae pH ākea aʻe ma mua o nā surfactants ionic maʻamau, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā surfactants anionic maʻamau i ka hapa nui o nā waiwai koe wale nō ka detergent a me ka hiki ke hoʻohua. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua e hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi o nā surfactants non-ionic i loko o nā ʻōnaehana surfactant ionic ke hoʻonui i ka hana o ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma lalo o ka nui o ka mea hana like.
He hana kiʻekiʻe nā Alkylolamide, hoʻohana nui ʻia a hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā surfactants non-ionic, kahi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā mea holoi wai like ʻole. ʻO nā kikoʻī nui o nā alkylolamide i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea holoi wai he 2:1 amide a me 1.5:1 amide, a loaʻa pū kekahi 1:1 amide no ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻOkoʻa loa kēia mau kikoʻī ʻekolu i ka solubility wai a me ka waiwai mānoanoa. Ma ke ʻano laulā, he hana piha waena ka 1.5:1 amide a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka wai holoi kīʻaha. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maʻalahi ʻia ka 1:1 amide ke hui pū ʻia me nā surfactants wai ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka kūpono o nā Alkylolamide no nā mea holoi alkaline a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea holoi waikawa nāwaliwali.
Ma waena o nā surfactants non-ionic āpau, ʻo nā alkylolamides ka mea kūpono loa ke kumukūʻai, me ke kumukūʻai o 7,800 yuan no kēlā me kēia tona i ka makahiki 2002. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā mea holoi wai ma mua o nā polyoxyethylene ethers wai momona, a ʻo ia hoʻi nā surfactants non-ionic mua i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka shampoo. ʻO nā kumu nui penei: ʻOi aku ka piha o nā hana a me nā hana maikaʻi o ka FFA ma mua o AE; ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai o FFA; ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka solubility o FFA; a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hana foaming o FFA i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AE.
ʻO nā surfactants Amphoteric he mau surfactants nona nā hui hydrophilic anionic a me cationic. No laila, hōʻike lākou i nā waiwai cationic i nā hopena acidic, nā waiwai anionic i nā hopena alkaline, a me nā waiwai like me nā surfactants non-ionic i nā hopena neutral.
He maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o nā surfactants amphoteric i ka wai, nā hopena waikawa a me nā alkali i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a me nā hopena paʻakai inorganic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Loaʻa iā lākou ke kūpaʻa wai paʻakikī maikaʻi loa, ka huhū haʻahaʻa o ka ʻili, ka hana palupalu maikaʻi o ka lole, ka waiwai antistatic koʻikoʻi a me ka hopena bactericidal maikaʻi, a haʻaheo i ka launa maikaʻi me nā ʻano surfactants like ʻole.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēlā mau huahana i loko o kahi pae pH ākea. Ma muli o ko lākou mau kūlana ionic ma lalo o nā ʻano acid-base like ʻole, hāʻawi lākou i ka hana maikaʻi ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic a me neutral ma mua o nā kūlana alkaline. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā surfactants amphoteric ma mua o nā surfactants non-ionic.
ʻO nā ʻano koʻikoʻi maʻamau o nā surfactants amphoteric e komo pū me ka dodecyldimethylbetaine a me ka carboxylate-type imidazoline. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants anionic, ʻoi aku ka piha o nā waiwai o nā surfactants non-ionic me nā drawbacks liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka detergent a me ka hiki ke hoʻohua. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants non-ionic, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā surfactants amphoteric i kekahi mau waiwai a like me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka mana hoʻohua o nā surfactants amphoteric ma mua o nā surfactants non-ionic maʻamau (ʻoiai he haʻahaʻa ka mana hoʻohua o nā surfactants AE), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana bactericidal e pili ana i nā surfactants non-ionic a me anionic, a me nā hopena hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi. No kēia kumu, i loko o nā detergents wai, hoʻopili nui ʻia nā surfactants amphoteric i ka shampoo, a ukali ʻia e nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻili e like me ka holoi kino.
ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau o nā surfactants cationic e komo pū me Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic silicone oil, Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) a pēlā aku.
I loko o nā mea holoi wai, lawelawe nā surfactants cationic ma ke ʻano he mau surfactants kōkua a me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa me ka dosage haʻahaʻa i loko o nā formula. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā huahana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui i loko o nā shampoos. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohui pololei ʻia nā surfactants cationic me nā surfactants anionic. ʻOiai ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā surfactants cationic a me anionic e hoʻokō i nā hopena kūpono, lawe lākou i kahi pilikia kiʻekiʻe o ka sedimentation a me ka crystallization.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano surfactants cationic like ʻole i loko o nā shampoos me nā alapine hoʻopili hoʻopuehu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe ʻano hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha i hoʻohana nui ʻia, a ua hana pinepine ʻia lākou i loko o nā huahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia. He hapa liʻiliʻi nā surfactants cationic i ka huina o ka hana o nā surfactants a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano surfactants ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i nā surfactants cationic ka hopena hoʻomaʻamaʻa koʻikoʻi loa a me ka hana bactericidal ikaika loa. ʻOiai ko lākou mau hemahema e like me ka detergent maikaʻi ʻole, ka hiki ke hoʻopū palupalu, ka hoʻohālikelike haʻahaʻa, ka huhū kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke pani ʻia e nā surfactants ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā detergents wai kiʻekiʻe a me nā shampoos. He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia nā surfactants cationic ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa a i ʻole nā bactericides.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-21-2026