Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-surfactants. Uma zihlukaniswa ngokomphumela, ama-surfactants e-anionic aqukethe ama-56%, ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic angu-36%, ama-surfactants a-amphoteric angu-5%, kanye nama-surfactants e-cationic angu-3%.
2. Ama-surfactant e-Anionic
2.1 Ama-Anionic Surfactants ohlobo lwe-Sulfonate
Izinhlobo ezivamile zama-surfactants anjalo zifaka phakathi i-sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate kanye ne-sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
I-sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-LAS noma i-ABS, iyi-solid emhlophe noma ephuzi ephuzi encibilikayo noma eqhekekile encibilikayo emanzini. Ibonisa ukuncibilika kwamanzi okungekuhle emazingeni okushisa aphansi kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi okungaphansi kwama-3 emazingeni okushisa egumbi, kodwa ine-solubility enhle kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-surfactant ezihlanganisiwe. Iqinile kahle ngokumelene nama-alkali, ama-acid ancibilikisiwe kanye namanzi aqinile, kanye nezinga lokushisa lokubola elingu-240℃. Inkomba yayo yokucasuka yesisombululo esingu-10% ingu-5.0, izinga lokubola kwamagciwane lisukela ku-80% kuya ku-90%, kanti inani le-LD50 lingu-1300 kuya ku-2500 mg/kg.
I-Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate ifushaniswa ngokuthi i-AOS. Uma okuqukethwe kwento esebenzayo kuphakathi kuka-38% no-40%, ibonakala njengoketshezi oluphuzi olubonakalayo futhi incibilika kakhulu emanzini. Igcina ukuzinza okuhle ebangeni elibanzi le-pH; ngemva kokugcinwa izinsuku ezintathu ku-30℃ ngaphansi kwamanani e-pH angu-2, 4 no-10 ngokulandelana, izinga layo le-hydrolysis lihlala liyi-zero kuzo zonke izimo. Ibangela ukucasuka okuncane kwesikhumba, ifinyelela izinga lokuwohloka kwamagciwane angu-100%, futhi inenani le-LD50 elingu-1300 kuya ku-2400 mg/kg.
Ngokuvamile, i-LAS ayisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-shampoo kanye nokuhlanza umzimba, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-detergents oketshezi lwezingubo kanye noketshezi lokugeza izitsha. Kuketshezi lokugeza izitsha, i-LAS ingabala cishe ingxenye yama-surfactants aphelele, kuyilapho isilinganiso sayo kuma-detergents oketshezi lwezingubo singalungiswa ngaphakathi kobubanzi obusebenzayo.
I-LAS ithola ukuncibilika okuhle kwamanzi ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu njengo-60℃ nalapho ihlanganiswa namanye ama-surfactants athile. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-ternary compound "LAS-AES-FFA" lusetshenziswa kabanzi ezitsheni zokuwasha izitsha, kanti uhlelo lwe-compound "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" luvame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza uketshezi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile kwe-LAS nge-alkylol amide engeyona i-ionic surfactant kuvame ukwehluleka ukufeza imiphumela emihle; uhlelo lwe-"LAS-FFA" aluzinzile futhi lubonakala lumhlophe njengobisi.
I-LAS isendaweni yokuqala ekukhiqizweni kwayo ngomthamo wonyaka wokukhiqiza ongamakhilogremu angu-290 futhi iyi-surfactant yokwenziwa engabizi kakhulu. Inentengo ephansi kakhulu phakathi kwama-surfactant okwenziwa aphezulu amahlanu, futhi intengo yayo ifana neyezisekelo zensipho (insipho ye-fatty acid) phakathi kwama-surfactant avamile e-anionic. I-LAS ihlukaniswa nokuzinza okuhle kakhulu, ukuhlanza okunamandla kanye nezindleko eziphansi, kanti ukungathandeki kwayo okuphawulekayo ukucasuka okuphezulu.
Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa njenge-sulfonate surfactants, i-AOS inikeza ukusebenza okuphelele okuphelele. Izuza futhi ithuthukise izinzuzo ze-sulfonate ezivamile ngenkathi igwema izinkinga zayo ezingokwemvelo. Njengenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa njenge-surfactants eziyinhloko, i-AOS isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-shampoo kanye nokugeza umzimba, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinye izinto zokuhlanza uketshezi kuzokhula kancane kancane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwendawo kanye nokwehliswa kwentengo okulandelayo.
I-AOS inezinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu okuhlanganisa ukuzinza okuphezulu, ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle kakhulu, ukuhambisana kahle, ukucasuka okuncane kanye nokubola kwamagciwane okuhle kakhulu. Inkinga yayo enkulu ukuthi ibiza kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-anionic.
2.2 Ama-Sulfate e-Anionic Surfactant
Izinhlobo ezivamile zama-surfactants anjalo zifaka phakathi i-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate kanye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate.
I-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-AES noma i-alcohol ether sulfate, incibilika kalula emanzini. Lapho okuqukethwe kwento esebenzayo kufinyelela ku-70%, ibonakala njengoketshezi olukhanyayo oluphuzi olucwebezelayo, futhi ukuqina kwayo kungaphansi kokwe-sulfonates evamile. Idlula ku-hydrolysis esheshayo lapho inani le-pH lingaphansi kuka-4, kodwa ine-hydrolysis enhle kakhulu ezindaweni ze-alkaline. Ngemva kokugcinwa izinsuku ezintathu ku-30°C ngaphansi kwezimo ze-pH 2, pH 4 kanye ne-pH 10, amazinga ayo e-hydrolysis angama-100%, 50% kanye no-0 ngokulandelana. Ine-acneation ephansi ene-acne index engu-2.3 yesisombululo sayo samanzi esingu-10%, izinga lokubola kwe-bio elingaphezu kuka-90%, kanye nenani le-LD50 elingu-1800 mg/kg.
I-Sodium dodecyl sulfate, ebizwa ngokuthi i-AS, K12, i-sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, i-sodium lauryl sulfate noma i-foaming agent, iyancibilika emanzini ngokuncibilika kwamanzi okungaba ngu-15 ku-25°C, okuphansi kune-AES. Ayizweli kuma-alkali namanzi aqinile, kodwa ukuqina kwayo ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acidic kubuthakathaka kune-sulfonates evamile futhi kuseduze nokwe-AES. Izinga lokushisa lokushisa isikhathi eside akufanele lidlule ku-95°C. Inokuvuvukala okumaphakathi phakathi kwama-surfactants; isixazululo sayo esingu-10% sinenkomba yokucasula engu-3.3, ephakeme kune-AES futhi iphansi kune-LAS, enenani le-LD50 elingu-1300 mg/kg.
I-AES isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-shampoo, ekugezeni umzimba, emshinini wokuwasha izitsha kanye nasemshinini wokuwasha izingubo. Uma kusetshenziswa ngendlela ebonakalayo, inani le-pH kufanele liphakanyiswe liye ku-neutral noma ku-alkaline encane ngangokunokwenzeka uma amazinga ekhwalithi ye-pH afanele evuma. Uma i-AES kufanele isetshenziswe ngaphansi kwezimo ze-pH ephansi njengase-shampoo, ifomu layo likasawoti le-ethanolamine livame ukwamukelwa. I-AES inokuncibilika kwamanzi okungcono kune-AS futhi ingakhiwa ibe yizixazululo zamanzi ezicacile nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso ekushiseni kwegumbi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-LAS, i-AES ijabulela ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kuma-detergent aketshezi kanye nokuhambisana okuphezulu, okukwazi ukuhlanganiswa nama-surfactants amaningi ezinhlanganisela ezimbili noma eziningi ukuze kwakheke izixazululo zamanzi ezicacile. Phakathi kwama-surfactants okwenziwa, i-AES isendaweni yesithathu ekukhiqizweni ngentengo ephansi kune-AS; intengo ye-70% AES yayingu-8500 yuan ngethani ngo-2002. Izinzuzo zayo ezivelele zifaka phakathi ukucasuka okuphansi, ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukuhambisana okuhle kanye nomphumela omangalisayo ekuvimbeleni isikhumba esomile nesinolaka. Inkinga yayo enkulu iwukuzinza okungekuhle kwe-acidic media, okudinga ukuthi inani le-pH ligcinwe lingaphezulu kakhulu kuka-4, futhi i-detergent yayo ibuthakathaka kuneye-LAS ne-AS.
Uma usebenzisa i-AS ezinhlinzekweni zokuhlanza uketshezi, imvelo ye-pH kumele ilawulwe ukuze kugwenywe i-asidi eningi. Usawoti wayo we-ethanolamine noma usawoti we-ammonium uyadingeka ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ekushayweni nasekuhlanzweni komzimba. Ukwamukelwa kosawoti wayo we-ethanolamine akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqina kokumelana ne-asidi kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukucasuka, futhi inkomba yokucasuka yesisombululo sayo sikasawoti we-triethanolamine esingu-10% ingu-3.0. I-AS ayisetshenziswa kakhulu oketshezini lokugeza izitsha futhi ayisebenzi njenge-surfactant eyinhloko enomthamo ophansi kumafomula, ikakhulukazi ngoba ayilungele ukunciphisa izindleko zomkhiqizo futhi imikhiqizo enjalo ayinazo izidingo zokusebenza kwe-foam. Ibekwe endaweni yesihlanu ekukhiqizweni kwama-surfactants okwenziwa, i-AS inentengo ephezulu kakhulu, futhi ifomu layo lempuphu lalibiza i-yuan engu-15000 ngethani ngo-2002. Ngaphandle kwamandla avelele okukhipha i-foam kanye nokuhlanza okunamandla, i-AS ingaphansi kwe-AES ekusebenzeni okuningi kwesevisi, njengokuqina kokumelana ne-asidi okuphansi kancane kanye nokucasuka okuphezulu kakhulu (okuphansi kakhulu kune-LAS), futhi inentengo ephezulu kakhulu phakathi kwama-surfactants avamile e-anionic.
3.Ama-Surfactants angewona ama-ionic
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic zifaka i-alkylolamide (FFA), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), kanye ne-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE noma i-OP). Ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu njengokuncibilikisa, ukuhlanza, ukusebenza okulwa nokungaguquguquki, ukucasuka okuphansi kanye nomthamo wokusabalalisa insipho yelime. Anebanga le-pH elibanzi elisebenzayo kune-surfactants ejwayelekile ye-ionic, futhi angcono kune-surfactants ajwayelekile e-anionic ezicini eziningi ngaphandle kwekhono lokuhlanza kanye ne-foam. Ukuhlolwa kufakazela ukuthi ukwengeza inani elincane lama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic ezinhlelweni ze-ionic surfactant kungathuthukisa umsebenzi wobuso jikelele uma kuqhathaniswa ngaphansi kokuqukethwe okufanayo kwento esebenzayo.
Ama-alkylolamides angama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic asebenza kahle kakhulu, asetshenziswa kabanzi futhi asetshenziswa njalo, avame ukusetshenziswa kuma-detergent ahlukahlukene e-liquid. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zama-alkylolamides asetshenziswa kuma-detergent e-liquid yi-2:1 amide kanye ne-1.5:1 amide, kanye ne-1:1 amide nayo iyatholakala ukuze isetshenziswe. Lezi zimpawu ezintathu zihluka kakhulu ekuncibilikeni kwamanzi kanye nempahla yokujiya. Ngokuvamile, i-1.5:1 amide inokusebenza okulinganiselwe okuphelele futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-detergent okugeza izitsha. Ngokuvamile, i-1:1 amide ingancibilika kalula kuphela uma ihlanganiswa nezinye ama-surfactants ancibilika emanzini. Ama-alkylolamides afaneleka kakhulu kuma-detergent e-alkaline futhi angasetshenziswa nasezinhlinzeni ezibuthakathaka.
Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezingezona i-ionic surfactants, ama-alkylolamides yiwona angabizi kakhulu, ngentengo yama-yuan angu-7,800 ngethani ngo-2002. Asetshenziswa kaningi ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza eziwuketshezi kune-polyoxyethylene ethers enamafutha, futhi futhi yizona zinto eziyinhloko ezingezona i-ionic surfactants ezisetshenziswa ku-shampoo. Izizathu eziyinhloko yilezi ezilandelayo: I-FFA inemisebenzi ephelele futhi engcono kune-AE; I-FFA ishibhile ngentengo; I-FFA inokuncibilika okungcono; kanti i-FFA inokusebenza okunamandla kokwenza amagwebu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-AE.
4. Ama-surfactant e-Amphoteric
Ama-surfactant e-Amphoteric angama-surfactant anamaqembu e-anionic kanye ne-cationic hydrophilic. Ngakho-ke, abonisa izakhiwo ze-cationic ezixazululweni ze-acidic, izakhiwo ze-anionic ezixazululweni ze-alkaline, kanye nezakhiwo ezifana nama-surfactant angewona ama-ionic ezixazululweni ezingathathi hlangothi.
Ama-surfactant e-amphoteric ancibilika kalula emanzini, izixazululo ze-asidi egxilile kanye ne-alkali, ngisho nezixazululo zikasawoti ezingaphili ezigxilile. Ane-resistance enhle kakhulu emanzini aqinile, ukucasuka kwesikhumba okuncane, ukusebenza kahle kokuthambisa indwangu, i-antistatic properties kanye nomphumela omuhle wokubulala amagciwane, futhi ahambisana kahle nezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-surfactant.
Imikhiqizo enjalo ingasetshenziswa ngaphakathi kobubanzi be-pH. Uma sibheka izimo zayo ze-ionic ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene ze-acid-base, zinikeza ukusebenza okungcono ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acidic ne-neutral kunangaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline. Ngokuvamile, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric abiza kakhulu kune-surfactants ezingezona i-ionic.
Izinhlobo ezivamile ezibalulekile zama-surfactants e-amphoteric zifaka phakathi i-dodecyldimethylbetaine kanye ne-carboxylate-type imidazoline. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants e-anionic, ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic anezakhiwo eziphelele kakhulu ezinezinkinga ezimbalwa, aphansi kuphela ekususeni nasekukhuculeni. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric angcono kwezinye izakhiwo futhi afana nakwezinye.
Ama-surfactants e-amphoteric anamandla amakhulu okukhipha igwebu kune-surfactants evamile engeyona i-ionic (kuyilapho ama-surfactants e-AE enekhono eliphansi lokukhipha igwebu), umsebenzi ongcono kakhulu wokubulala amagciwane uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants angeyona i-ionic kanye ne-anionic, kanye nemiphumela engcono yokulungisa isimo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuma-detergents aketshezi, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric asetshenziswa kakhulu ku-shampoo, kulandelwe imikhiqizo yokuhlanza isikhumba efana nokugeza umzimba.
Izinhlobo ezivamile zama-surfactants e-cationic zifaka phakathi i-Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), i-Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), i-Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), i-cationic panthenol, uwoyela we-cationic silicone, i-Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) njalo njalo.
Kuma-detergent aketshezi, ama-surfactants e-cationic asebenza njengama-surfactants asizayo kanye nezithako zokulungisa isimo ngesilinganiso esincane kumafomula. Ngokuvamile asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ephezulu, ikakhulukazi kuma-shampoo. Ama-surfactants e-cationic awakwazi ukuhlanganiswa ngqo nama-surfactants e-anionic. Nakuba ukuhlanganiswa kwama-surfactants e-cationic kanye ne-anionic kungafeza imiphumela emihle, anengozi enkulu yokudaya kanye nokukristala.
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-surfactants e-cationic zisetshenziswa kuma-shampoo anemvamisa yokusetshenziswa ehlakazekile, okusho ukuthi azikho izinhlobo ezimbili ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi zivame ukwakheka zibe imikhiqizo yokulungisa eqediwe. Ama-surfactants e-Cationic abalwa nengxenye encane ekukhiqizweni okuphelele kwama-surfactants futhi ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu kunezinye izigaba.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-surfactants, ama-cationic surfactants anomphumela ovelele kakhulu wokulungisa kanye nomsebenzi onamandla kakhulu wokubulala amagciwane. Naphezu kwezithiyo zawo ezifana nokungahlanzi kahle, amandla abuthakathaka okukhipha igwebu, ukuhambisana okuphansi, ukucasuka okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphakeme, awanakushintshwa ngamanye ama-surfactants njengezingxenye zokulungisa kuma-detergents aketshezi aphezulu kanye nama-shampoo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ama-cationic surfactants angasetshenziswa kuphela njengezithako zokulungisa noma ama-bactericides.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-21-2026