Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzema surfactants. Zvichienderana nezvinobuda, ma surfactants e anionic anokwana 56%, ma nonionic surfactants 36%, ma amphoteric surfactants 5%, uye ma cationic surfactants 3%.
2. MaAnionic Surfactants
2.1 MaAnionic Surfactants erudzi rweSulfonate
Mhando dzakajairika dzemasurfactants akadaro dzinosanganisira sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate uye sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate.
Sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, inozivikanwawo seLAS kana ABS, iguruva jena kana kuti jena rakachenuruka kana kuti rakasimba rinonyungudika mumvura. Rinonyungudika zvishoma mumvura patembiricha yakaderera uye rinonyungudika pasi pe3 mumvura patembiricha yemumba, asi rine kunyungudika kwakanaka mumakemikari e compound surfactant. Rine kugadzikana kwakanaka pakurwisa alkalis, diluted acids nemvura yakaoma, uye tembiricha yekuora ye240℃. Inoratidza irritation index ye10% solution i5.0, microbial degradation rate inotangira pa80% kusvika 90%, uye LD50 value iri pakati pe1300 kusvika 2500 mg/kg.
Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate inopfupikiswa seAOS. Kana huwandu hwechinhu chinoshanda huri pakati pe38% ne40%, inoonekwa semvura yero inopenya uye inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. Inochengetedza kugadzikana kwakanaka muhuwandu hwakakura hwepH; mushure mekuchengetwa kwemazuva matatu pa30℃ pasi pepH ye2, 4 ne10 zvichiteerana, chiyero chayo chehydrolysis chinoramba chiri zero mune zvese zviitiko. Inokonzera kutsamwa kudiki kweganda, inowana chiyero chekuora kwehutachiona hwe100%, uye ine chiyero cheLD50 che1300 kusvika 2400 mg/kg.
Kazhinji, LAS haiwanzo shandiswa mumashampoos nekugeza muviri, uye inonyanya kushandiswa mumasiponji ekuwachisa uye muzvinwiwa zvekusuka ndiro. Muzvinwiwa zvekusuka ndiro, LAS inogona kuita hafu yezvinwiwa zvese, nepo huwandu hwayo mumasiponji ekuwachisa mvura hunogona kugadziriswa mukati memhando dzakasiyana siyana.
LAS inowana mvura inonyungudika zvakanaka kunyanya pakupisa kwakanyanya senge 60℃ uye kana ikabatanidzwa nemamwe ma surfactants. Sisitimu yakajairika ye "ternary compound" "LAS-AES-FFA" inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvinwiwa zvekusuka ndiro, uye sisitimu ye "LAS-soap base-η·SAA" inowanzoshandiswa muzvinwiwa zvekuwachisa. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kusanganisa zvakananga kweLAS ne nonionic surfactant alkylol amide kunowanzo kundikana kuwana mhedzisiro yakanaka; sisitimu ye "LAS-FFA" haina kugadzikana ine viscosity shoma uye ine chitarisiko chechena semukaka.
LAS iri pamberi mukugadzirwa kwayo ine huwandu hwe290 kilotons pagore uye ndiyo synthetic surfactant isingadhuri zvakanyanya. Ine mutengo wakaderera pakati pemashanu epamusoro e synthetic surfactants ane high-output, uye mutengo wayo wakafanana newesipo bases (fatty acid sipo) pakati pema anionic surfactants echinyakare. LAS ine kugadzikana kwakanaka, detergent yakasimba uye mutengo wakaderera, nepo kutadza kwayo kukuru kuri kukuru kwekutsamwisa.
Pakati pema-sulfonate surfactants ese, AOS inopa kushanda kwakakwana. Inogara nhaka uye inowedzera kunaka kwema-sulfonate akajairwa uku ichidzivirira matambudziko ayo. Seimwe yema-surfactants makuru, AOS inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugeza shampoos nemuviri, uye kushandiswa kwayo mune mamwe masipo emvura kuchawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma pamwe nekugadzirwa kwenzvimbo uye kudzikiswa kwemitengo.
AOS ine zvakanakira zvikuru zvinosanganisira kugadzikana kwepamusoro-soro, kunyungudika kwemvura kwakanyanya, kushanda zvakanaka, kusakurumidza kushatirwa uye kusaora kwehutachiona. Dambudziko rayo guru nderekuti inodhura zvakanyanya pakati pema surfactants ese eanionic.
2.2 Anionic Surfactant Sulfates
Mhando dzakajairika dzezvinhu zvakadaro dzinosanganisira sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate uye sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, inozivikanwawo seAES kana alcohol ether sulfate, inonyungudika nyore nyore mumvura. Kana huwandu hwechinhu chinoshanda hwasvika 70%, hunoonekwa semvura inopenya yero, uye kugadzikana kwayo kwakaderera pane kwe common sulfonates. Inonyungudika nekukurumidza kana pH iri pasi pe4, asi ine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwehydrolysis munzvimbo dzine alkaline. Mushure mekuchengetwa kwemazuva matatu pa30°C pasi pe pH 2, pH 4 uye pH 10, mwero wayo wehydrolysis uri 100%, 50% uye 0 zvichiteerana. Ine kutsamwiswa kwakaderera ne index yekutsamwa ye2.3 ye 10% aqueous solution yayo, chiyero chekuora kwehupenyu chinodarika 90%, uye LD50 kukosha kwe1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, inonzi AS, K12, sodium cocoalkyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate kana furo, inonyungudika mumvura ine mvura inonyungudika inosvika 15 pa25°C, iyo iri pasi peAES. Hainzwisisike nealkalis nemvura yakaoma, asi kugadzikana kwayo mumamiriro eacidic hakuna kusimba pane common sulfonates uye iri pedyo neAES. Tembiricha yekupisa kwenguva refu haifanirwe kudarika 95°C. Ine kutsamwiswa kuri pakati pemasurfactants; 10% solution yayo ine irritation index ye3.3, yakakwira kupfuura AES uye yakaderera pane LAS, ine LD50 kukosha kwe1300 mg/kg.
AES inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mushampoo, mukuwachisa muviri, mudhishi remvura uye mudhishi remvura. Pakushandisa, pH inofanira kukwidziridzwa kusvika paalkaline isina kusimba kana kuti isina simba zvakanyanya kana mitemo yepH yakakodzera ichibvumira. Kana AES ichifanira kushandiswa mumamiriro epH yakaderera senge mushampoo, munyu wayo weethanolamine unowanzo shandiswa. AES ine mvura inonyungudika zviri nani pane AS uye inogona kugadzirwa kuita mvura inopenya chero chikamu patembiricha yemumba. Kana ichienzaniswa neLAS, AES inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mudhishi remvura uye inoenderana zvakanyanya, inokwanisa kusanganiswa nemasurfactants akawanda mumisanganiswa miviri kana yakawanda kuti igadzire mvura inopenya. Pakati pemasurfactants ekugadzira, AES iri panzvimbo yechitatu mukugadzirwa kwayo nemutengo wakaderera pane AS; mutengo we70% AES waive 8500 yuan patani muna 2002. Zvakanakira zvayo zvinosanganisira kusatsamwa kwakanyanya, kunyungudika kwakanaka kwemvura, kuenderana kwakanaka uye mhedzisiro inoshamisa mukudzivirira ganda rakaoma uye rakaoma. Dambudziko guru rayo riri mukugadzikana kusina kunaka mu acidic media, izvo zvinoda kuti pH irambe iri pamusoro pe4, uye detergent yayo haina kusimba pane yeLAS neAS.
Pakushandisa AS muzvinwiwa zvinonyungudutsa mvura, pH inofanira kudzorwa kudzivirira acidity yakawandisa. Munyu wayo weethanolamine kana ammonium salts zvinodiwa kuti ishandiswe mushampoo nekugeza muviri. Kushandiswa kwemunyu wayo weethanolamine hakungogone chete kuwedzera kugadzikana kweacid asi kunoderedzawo kushatirwa, uye indekisi yekutsamwa ye10% triethanolamine salt solution i3.0. AS haiwanzo shandiswa mukuwachisa ndiro uye haiwanzo shanda semushonga wekutanga une dose shoma mumafomula, kunyanya nekuti haina kunaka pakuderedza mitengo yezvigadzirwa uye zvigadzirwa zvakadaro hazvina zvinodiwa pakuita furo. Iri pachinzvimbo chechishanu mukugadzirwa kwezvinwiwa zvinonyungudutsa zvakagadzirwa, AS ine mutengo wakakwira, uye hupfu hwayo hwakatengeswa pa15000 yuan patani muna 2002. Kunze kwekugona kwayo kupenya furo uye detergent yakasimba, AS yakaderera pane AES mumabasa mazhinji ebasa, akadai sekusagadzikana kweacid zvishoma uye kushatirwa kwakanyanya (kushoma pane LAS), uye inewo mutengo wepamusoro pakati pezvinwiwa zvinonyungudutsa zveanionic.
3.Zvisiri zveionic Surfactants
Mhando huru dzezvinhu zvisina ionic surfactants dzinosanganisira alkylolamide (FFA), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), uye alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE kana OP). Zvinhu zvisina ionic surfactants zvine hunhu hwakanaka hwakadai sekunyungudika, detergent, antistatic performance, low irritation uye lime soap dispersing capacity. Zvine pH range yakakura kupfuura zvinojairika ionic surfactants, uye zviri nani pane zvinojairika anionic surfactants muhunhu hwakawanda kunze kwekugona detergent uye furo. Kuedza kunoratidza kuti kuwedzera huwandu hushoma hwezvinhu zvisina ionic surfactants mu ionic surfactant systems kunogona kuwedzera basa rose repamusoro kana zvichienzaniswa nechinhu chimwe chete chinoshanda.
MaAlkylolamides imhando ye non-ionic surfactants inoshanda zvakanyanya, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye inoshandiswa kakawanda, iyo inowanzo shandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzesiponji dzemvura. Magadzirirwo makuru ealkylolamides anoshandiswa mu siponji dzemvura i2:1 amide uye 1.5:1 amide, uye 1:1 amide inowanikwawo kuti ishandiswe. Magadzirirwo matatu aya akasiyana zvikuru mukunyungudika kwemvura uye kukora kwayo. Kazhinji, 1.5:1 amide ine mashandiro akakwana uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu dishwashing liquid. Kazhinji, 1:1 amide inogona kunyungudika nyore nyore chete kana yakabatanidzwa nemamwe ma surfactants anonyungudika mumvura. MaAlkylolamides anonyanya kukodzera siponji dzealkaline uye anogona kushandiswawo mu siponji dzisina acid yakawanda.
Pakati pezvinhu zvese zvinoshandisa ma surfactants zvisiri zve ionic, ma alkylolamides ndiwo anonyanya kudhura, nemutengo we 7,800 yuan patani muna 2002. Anoshandiswa kakawanda mu liquid detergents kupfuura fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers, uye ndiwo ma non-ionic surfactants makuru anoshandiswa mu shampoo. Zvikonzero zvikuru ndeizvi: FFA ine mabasa akazara uye epamusoro kupfuura AE; FFA yakachipa pamutengo; FFA ine kunyungudika kuri nani; uye FFA ine furo rakasimba kana tichienzanisa neAE.
4. Mishonga yeAmphoteric Surfactants
MaAmphoteric surfactants ma surfactants ane mapoka e anionic ne cationic hydrophilic. Saka, anoratidza hunhu hwe cationic mu acidic solutions, hunhu hwe anionic mu alkaline solutions, uye hunhu hwakafanana ne non-ionic surfactants mu neutral solutions.
MaAmphoteric surfactants anonyungudika nyore nyore mumvura, anonyungudika zvine acid yakawanda uye alkali, uye kunyange anonyungudika zvine inorganic salt. Ane simba rakanaka rekudzivirira mvura yakaoma, hasha shoma paganda, anonyorovesa machira zvakanaka, ane simba rakanaka rekudzivirira static uye anogona kuuraya mabhakitiriya, uye anoenderana zvakanaka nemhando dzakasiyana dzema surfactants.
Zvigadzirwa zvakadaro zvinogona kushandiswa mukati mehuwandu hwakakura hwepH. Tichifunga nezvemamiriro azvo eionic pasi penzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeacid-base, zvinopa kushanda kuri nani mumamiriro eacidic uye neutral pane mumamiriro ealkaline. Kazhinji, amphoteric surfactants inodhura kupfuura non-ionic surfactants.
Mhando dzakakosha dzeamphoteric surfactants dzinosanganisira dodecyldimethylbetaine uye carboxylate-type imidazoline. Kana tichienzanisa neanionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants dzine hunhu hwakakwana uye dzisina matambudziko akawanda, asi dzakaderera pakugona kusviba uye kuburitsa furo. Kana tichienzanisa ne non-ionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants dzakanaka pane dzimwe hunhu uye dzakafanana nedzimwe.
MaAmphoteric surfactants ane simba guru rekuburitsa furo kupfuura maAE surfactants (kunyangwe maAE surfactants asina simba rakawanda rekuburitsa furo), anobatsira zvikuru pakuuraya mabhakitiriya kana tichienzanisa nemaAnionic surfactants, uye anogona kugadzirisa zvinhu zviri nani. Nekuda kweizvi, mumasiponji emvura, maAmphoteric surfactants anonyanya kushandiswa mushampoo, zvichiteverwa nezvinhu zvinochenesa ganda zvakaita sekugeza muviri.
Mhando dzema "cationic surfactants" akajairika dzinosanganisira Cetyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1631), Octadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (1831), Cationic Guar Gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic silicone oil, Dodecyldimethylamine Oxide (OB-2) nezvimwewo.
Muzvinwiwa zvinochenesa mvura, ma "cationic surfactants" anoshanda se "assistant surfactants" uye zvinhu zvinogadzirisa muviri zvine "dosage" shoma mumafomula. Anowanzo shandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvepamusoro-soro, kazhinji mumashampoos. Ma "cationic surfactants" haagone kusanganiswa zvakananga nema "anionic surfactants". Kunyangwe kusanganiswa kwema "cationic surfactants" ne "anionic surfactants" kuchigona kuita kuti pave nemigumisiro yakanaka, ane njodzi huru yekuora kwemvura uye kusimba kwesimbi.
Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzema "cationic surfactants" dzinoshandiswa mumashampoo ane ma "frequency" akasiyana-siyana, zvichireva kuti hapana mhando imwe chete kana mbiri dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, uye dzinowanzo gadzirwa kuita zvigadzirwa zve "finished conditioner". Ma "cationic surfactants" ane chikamu chidiki muhuwandu hwese hwema "surfactants" uye anowanzo kudhura kupfuura mamwe marudzi.
Zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe mhando dzema surfactants, ma surfactants ecationic ane simba guru rekugadzirisa ganda uye ane simba guru rekuuraya bhakitiriya. Pasinei nematambudziko awo akadai sekusashanda zvakanaka kwemvura, kugona kushoma kwekubudisa furo, kusashanda zvakanaka, kushatirwa kwakanyanya uye kudhura kwakanyanya, haatsiviwi nemamwe ma surfactants sezvinhu zvekugadzirisa ganda mu sipo dzemvura dzemhando yepamusoro uye shampoos. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti ma surfactants ecationic anogona kushandiswa chete sezvinhu zvekugadzirisa ganda kana ma bactericides.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-21-2026