Mphamvu yotsutsa ya ma surfactants

Kuyezera kwa ma surfactants ndi khalidwe lofunika kwambiri lomwe limapatsa ma surfactants ntchito yawo yabwino kwambiri. Limagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa mabanja ambiri ndipo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndi mafakitale.

1.Mphamvu yotsutsa kusinthasintha of zinthu zopangira ma surfactants

Ulusi, mapulasitiki ndi zinthu zina nthawi zambiri zimapanga magetsi osasunthika chifukwa cha kukangana, zomwe zimakhudza momwe zinthuzi zimagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nsalu za ulusi zimakhala ndi magetsi osasunthika, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zovuta monga "kugwiritsitsa" kapena "kulumikiza kosasinthasintha", komanso zimakhala zosavuta kuyamwa fumbi ndikuyipitsa mosavuta. Mphamvu ya magetsi osasunthika pazinthu zapulasitiki ndi yofunika kwambiri: zinthu zotere sizimangotenga fumbi mosavuta, zomwe zimawononga kuwonekera bwino, kuyera pamwamba ndi mawonekedwe ake, komanso zimachepetsa magwiridwe antchito ndi kufunika kwa ntchito yawo.

Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, njira yoletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha pogwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano. Ma surfactants otere amadziwika kuti ma antistatic agents.

2.Mphamvu yamagetsizochitika ndi zifukwa zake

Ngakhale zotsatira za ulusi wotsatsira womwe wapezedwa ndi ofufuza osiyanasiyana zimasiyana pang'ono, ulusi wokhala ndi ma amide bond monga ubweya, nayiloni ndi ubweya wopangira nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino. Momwe mapulasitiki wamba amatsatirira akuwonetsedwa mu Gome 10-2. Njira yotsatirira ya zinthu zodziwika bwino kuyambira zabwino mpaka zoipa ndi iyi: (+) Polyurethane - Tsitsi - Nayiloni - Ubweya - Silika - Ulusi wa Viscose - Thonje - Rabala wolimba - Ulusi wa Acetate - Vinylon - Polypropylene - Polyester - Polyacrylonitrile - Polyvinyl chloride - Vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer - Polyethylene - Polytetrafluoroethylene (–). Ngakhale kuti chifukwa cha kupanga magetsi osasunthika sichinamvetsetsedwe bwino, nthawi zambiri zimavomerezedwa kuti magetsi osasunthika amapangidwa pamene mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ikukhudzana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma charge osunthika asunthike pakati pa zinthu zokakwa. Mtundu wa mphamvu yomwe chinthu chimakhala nayo ukhoza kudziwika ndi kuchuluka kapena kutayika kwa ma electron. Chinthu chimakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino ngati chitaya ma electron, ndipo chimakhala ndi mphamvu zoipa ngati chipeza ma electron.

3.Woletsa kutentha

Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zochotsera magetsi osasinthasintha:

(1) Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Popeza kukula kwa magetsi osasunthika kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi, njira zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu monga kusintha kutentha ndi chinyezi ndi kutulutsa kwa korona zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa magetsi osasunthika pamwamba pa zinthu.

(2) Njira ya mankhwala pamwamba. Ndiko kuti, ma surfactants, omwe amadziwikanso kuti antistatic agents, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza pamwamba pa ulusi ndi zinthu zapulasitiki kapena kusakaniza mkati mwa pulasitiki kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa magetsi osasunthika.

4.antistatic wothandizira ulusi

4.1Zofunikira pa antistatic agent:

(1) Sizisintha momwe ulusi umagwirira ntchito m'manja;

(2) Idzakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yoletsa kutentha ndipo idzakhalabe yogwira ntchito kutentha kochepa;

(3) Iyenera kugwirizana bwino ndi ulusi wa resin;

(4) Iyenera kusonyeza kugwirizana bwino ndi zowonjezera zina;

(5) Siziyenera kuyambitsa thovu kapena madontho a madzi;

(6) Siziyenera kukhala ndi poizoni komanso zosakwiyitsa khungu;

(7) Iyenera kusunga bata labwino.

4.2Mitundu ya Antistatic Agents

Mitundu yayikulu ya antistatic agents yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulusi ndi cationic ndi amphoteric ionic surfactants.

4.3Njira Yogwirira Ntchito ya Zinthu Zoletsa Kusinthasintha kwa Madzi

Kwa ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma fiber antistatic agents, njira yochepetsera kutentha imakhudza makamaka mbali ziwiri: kuletsa kupanga magetsi osasunthika pamwamba pa nsalu za ulusi chifukwa cha kukangana ndi kuwononga mphamvu pamwamba. Kupewa kusakanikirana kwa magetsi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka ma surfactants, pomwe kutayika kwa mphamvu pamwamba kumakhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa kulowetsedwa ndi hygroscopicity ya ma surfactants pa nsalu za ulusi.

Ma cationic surfactants amalowa mosavuta pamalo a ulusi wopanda mphamvu kudzera mu ma positive charge awoawo.

① Zingathe kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba ya ulusi;

② Pamene ma surfactants a cationic akutenga malo a ulusi mu mawonekedwe a ma ion a quaternary ammonium omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino komanso maunyolo awo a hydrocarbon omwe amalowa m'madzi akuyang'ana kunja, filimu yolumikizira yopangidwa ndi maunyolo a hydrocarbon imapangidwa pamwamba pa ulusi. Filimuyi imachepetsa bwino mphamvu yokangana yomwe imapangidwa pamwamba pa ulusi panthawi ya kukangana, motero imafooketsa mphamvu yamagetsi yokangana.

Pa ulusi wopangidwa wokhala ndi polarity yochepa komanso hydrophobicity yamphamvu, ma cationic surfactants amalowa pamwamba pa ulusi kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals kudzera mu unyolo wawo wa hydrocarbon, ndi magulu awo a polar quaternary ammonium akuyang'ana kunja. Izi zimaphimba pamwamba pa ulusi ndi magulu a polar ophilic hydrophilic, zomwe sizimangowonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi pamwamba pa ulusi komanso zimawonjezera chinyezi pamwamba pake, zomwe zimathandiza kufalikira kwa magetsi osasunthika opangidwa ndi kukangana ndikupanga mphamvu yotsutsana ndi static.

Kuchuluka kwa dioctadecyl ammonium chloride komwe kumamatira pamwamba pa ulusi wachilengedwe ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa komwe kumamatira pa ulusi wopangidwa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ndi antistatic kwambiri pa ulusi wachilengedwe.

Monga ma surfactants a cationic, ma surfactants a amphoteric ionic amakhala ndi ma positive charges ndipo amathanso kulowa m'malo opanda ulusi kuti achepetse ma static charges. Magulu awo odana ndi hydrophobic amachepetsanso kukangana. Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants a cationic, alinso ndi gulu la anionic mu kapangidwe kawo ka molekyulu, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chinyezi chiwonjezeke bwino komanso kuti ma charge asamayende bwino. Chifukwa chake, ma surfactants a amphoteric ionic ndi othandizira kwambiri oletsa static, ngakhale pamtengo wokwera.

Ma surfactants a Anionic ndi non-ionic sasonyeza mphamvu zabwino zotsutsana ndi static chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kochepa kwa adsorption pamwamba pa ulusi. Kuchuluka kwa adsorption kwa ma surfactants a non-ionic ndi kwakukulu kuposa kwa ma surfactants a anionic chifukwa sikukhudzidwa ndi ma fiber surface charges; komabe, kuthekera kwawo kochotsa magetsi osasunthika ndi kofooka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yawo ikhale yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants a cationic ndi amphoteric ionic.

5.Zoletsa kutentha kwa pulasitiki

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ma surfactants ngati zinthu zoletsa kutentha kwa pulasitiki: Ma surfactants amalowa pamwamba pa pulasitiki kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals kudzera mu unyolo wawo wa hydrocarbon, ndipo magulu awo a polar amatambasukira kunja. Filimu yolowera ya ma surfactants imapangidwa pamwamba pa pulasitiki, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi aziyenda bwino. Pakadali pano, filimu yolowera madzi imachepetsanso kukangana pamwamba pa pulasitiki.

Mankhwala oletsa kutentha a pulasitiki amagawidwa m'magulu motere:

(1) Mtundu wa Anionic;

(2) Mtundu wa Cationic;

(3) Mtundu wa ionic wa Amphoteric;

(4) Mtundu wosakhala wa ionic.

Mankhwala oletsa kutentha amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri malinga ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito:

(1) Zophimba pamwamba pa zinthu zotsutsana ndi kutentha;

(2) Zinthu zotsutsana ndi kutentha zomwe zimasakanikirana mkati.