Ukuhlanza ama-surfactants kuyisici esiyisisekelo esinikeza ama-surfactants usizo lwawo olukhulu kakhulu. Kuhlobene kakhulu nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezinkulungwane zemindeni futhi kusetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene kanye nemikhiqizo yezimboni.
1.Umphumela wokungaguquguquki of ama-surfactant
Imicu, amapulasitiki neminye imikhiqizo ivame ukukhiqiza ugesi ongaguquki ngenxa yokungqubuzana, okuthinta ukusebenza kokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo enjalo. Isibonelo, uma izindwangu zefayibha ziphethe ugesi ongaguquki, zivame ukuba nezinkinga ezifana "nokunamathela" noma "ukunamathela okungaguquki", kanye nokuthambekela ekumunceni uthuli futhi kungcole kalula. Umthelela kagesi ongaguquki emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki ubaluleke kakhulu: imikhiqizo enjalo ayigcini nje ngokumunca uthuli kalula, okuphazamisa ukubonakala kwayo, ukuhlanzeka kwendawo kanye nokubukeka kwayo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo kanye nenani.
Ukuze kuqedwe lesi simo esingashintshi, indlela yokulwa nokungashintshi esebenzisa ama-surfactants isetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje. Ama-surfactants anjalo aziwa ngokuthi ama-antistatic agents.
2.I-electrostaticizenzakalo kanye nezimbangela zazo
Nakuba imiphumela yochungechunge lokushaja ifayibha etholwe abacwaningi abahlukene ihluka kancane, ifayibha equkethe izibopho ze-amide ezifana noboya, i-nylon kanye noboya bokwenziwa ivame ukushaja kahle. Izimo zokushaja zepulasitiki ezivamile ziboniswe kuThebula 10-2. Uchungechunge lokushaja lwezinto ezivamile kusukela kokuhle kuya kokubi lulandelayo: (+) I-Polyurethane – Izinwele – Inayiloni – Uboya – Usilika – Ifayibha ye-Viscose – Ukotini – Irabha eqinile – Ifayibha ye-Acetate – I-Vinylon – I-Polypropylene – I-Polyacrylonitrile – I-Polyvinyl chloride – I-Vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer – I-Polyethylene – I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (–). Nakuba imbangela yokukhiqizwa kukagesi ongaguquki ingakaqondakali ngokugcwele, ngokuvamile kuvunyelwene ukuthi ugesi ongaguquki ukhiqizwa lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zithintana, okubangela ukuthi amashaja ahambayo adlulisele phakathi kwezinto ezihlikihliwe. Uhlobo lweshaja into ephethe lunganqunywa ngokutholakala noma ukulahleka kwama-electron. Into ishaja kahle uma ilahlekelwa ama-electron, futhi ishaja kabi uma ithola ama-electron.
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokususa ugesi ongashintshi:
(1) Indlela engokoqobo. Njengoba ubukhulu bukagesi ongaguquki buthintwa izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, izindlela ezingokoqobo ezifana nokulungisa izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama kanye nokukhishwa kwe-corona zingasetshenziswa ukususa ugesi ongaguquki ebusweni bezinto.
(2) Indlela yamakhemikhali angaphezulu. Okusho ukuthi, ama-surfactant, aziwa nangokuthi ama-antistatic agents, asetshenziselwa ukwelapha ubuso bemicu nemikhiqizo yepulasitiki noma ahlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwepulasitiki ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuqeda ugesi ongaguquki.
4.i-antistatic agent yemicu
4.1Izidingo ze-ejenti elwa ne-static:
(1) Akumelwe kushintshe umuzwa wesandla wemicu;
(2) Kufanele ibe nomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulwa nokungaguquguquki ngesilinganiso esiphansi futhi ihlale isebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa aphansi;
(3) Kufanele ihambisane kahle nemicu ye-resin;
(4) Kufanele ibonise ukuhambisana okuhle kakhulu nezinye izithako;
(5) Akufanele kubangele amagwebu noma amabala amanzi;
(6) Akumelwe kube nobuthi futhi kungacasuli isikhumba;
(7) Kufanele igcine ukuzinza okuhle.
4.2Izinhlobo Zama-Antistatic Agents
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-antistatic agents asetshenziselwa imicu yi-cationic kanye ne-amphoteric ionic surfactants.
4.3Indlela Yokusebenza Kwama-Antistatic Agents
Kuma-surfactants asetshenziswa njenge-fiber antistatic agents, indlela yokulwa ne-static ihilela kakhulu izici ezimbili: ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kukagesi omile ebusweni bezindwangu ze-fiber ngenxa yokungqubuzana kanye nokushaja okungaphezulu. Ukuvimbela ukufakwa kukagesi ongqubuzanayo kuhlobene eduze nesakhiwo sama-surfactants, kuyilapho ukushaja kwamacala ongaphezulu kuhlotshaniswa nenani lokumuncwa kanye ne-hygroscopicity yama-surfactants ezindwangu ze-fiber.
Ama-surfactant e-cationic amunca kalula ezindaweni zefayibha ezishajwe kabi ngama-positive charge awo.
① Zinganciphisa izindleko zangaphezulu zemicu;
② Njengoba ama-surfactant e-cationic enamathela ezindaweni zefayibha ngendlela yama-ion e-quaternary ammonium ashajwe kahle anezinhlayiya zawo ze-hydrocarbon ezibheke ngaphandle, ifilimu yokumunca eqondiswayo eyakhiwe ngamaketanga e-hydrocarbon yakha ebusweni befayibha. Le filimu inciphisa ngempumelelo amandla okungqubuzana akhiqizwa ebusweni befayibha ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ugesi wokungqubuzana.
Kumafayibha okwenziwa ane-polarity ephansi kanye ne-hydrophobicity enamandla, ama-surfactants e-cationic amunca phezu kwefayibha ngamandla e-van der Waals ngamaketanga awo e-hydrophobic hydrocarbon, kanti amaqembu awo e-polar quaternary ammonium abheke ngaphandle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ubuso befayibha ngamaqembu e-polar e-hydrophilic, okungagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ugesi wobuso befayibha kodwa futhi kwandisa umswakama wobuso bayo, okwenza kube lula ukuhlakazeka kukagesi omile okhiqizwa ukungqubuzana futhi kufezwe umphumela wokulwa ne-static.
Inani lokumuncwa kwe-dioctadecyl ammonium chloride ezindaweni zemvelo zefayibha liphakeme kakhulu kunelefayibha zokwenziwa, okubonisa umphumela walo ophakeme wokulwa nokungaguquguquki kwefayibha yemvelo.
Njengama-surfactants e-cationic, ama-surfactants e-ionic amphoteric anezinkokhelo ezinhle futhi angamunca ezindaweni ze-fiber ezishajwe kabi ukuze anciphise izinkokhelo ezimile. Amaqembu awo angenawo umoya futhi anciphisa ukungqubuzana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants e-cationic, aqukethe neqembu le-anionic esakhiweni sawo sama-molecule, okwenza kube ngcono umswakama kanye nokushajwa kwe-charge. Ngakho-ke, ama-surfactants e-ionic amphoteric angama-antistatic agents asebenza kahle kakhulu, yize ebiza kakhulu.
Ama-surfactant e-anionic kanye ne-non-ionic abonisa imiphumela emibi yokulwa ne-static ngenxa yenani lawo eliphansi lokumuncwa ezindaweni ze-fiber. Inani lokumuncwa kwama-surfactant angewona i-ionic liphakeme kunele-surfactants e-anionic njengoba lingathinteki ngamashaji obuso be-fiber; noma kunjalo, ikhono lawo lokususa ugesi omile libuthakathaka, okuholela ekusebenzeni okuphansi kakhulu kwe-antistatic uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants e-cationic kanye ne-amphoteric.
5.Ama-antistatic agents epulasitiki
Indlela ama-surfactants asebenza njengezinto ezivimbela i-static kumapulasitiki: Ama-surfactants amunca phezu kwepulasitiki ngamandla e-van der Waals ngokusebenzisa amaketanga awo e-hydrocarbon angapholi, kanti amaqembu awo e-polar adlulela ngaphandle. Ifilimu yokumunca eqondisayo yama-surfactants yakha phezu kwepulasitiki, enikeza ukuhanjiswa kukagesi okuvumela ukuthi amashaji angashintshi anyamalale ngempumelelo. Okwamanje, ifilimu yokumunca inciphisa nokungqubuzana phezu kwepulasitiki.
Ama-antistatic agent epulasitiki ahlukaniswa ngohlobo lwe-surfactant kanje:
(1) Uhlobo lwe-anionic;
(2) Uhlobo lwe-Cationic;
(3) Uhlobo lwe-amphoteric ionic;
(4) Uhlobo olungeyona i-ionic.
Ama-antistatic agents angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ngokuya ngezindlela zokusebenzisa:
(1) Izinto ezivimbela ukuguguleka komhlaba;
(2) Izinto ezivimbela ukuqina kwangaphakathi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-14-2026