Kuteteza kwazinthu zopangira ma surfactantsNdi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwakukulu. Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa mabanja ambiri ndipo chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo onse amalonda ndi mafakitale.
Mphamvu Yopanda Mphamvuza Surfactants
Kukangana nthawi zambiri kumapanga magetsi osasinthasintha pa ulusi, mapulasitiki ndi zinthu zina zomalizidwa, zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito awo. Mwachitsanzo, nsalu zodzaza ndi magetsi osasinthasintha nthawi zambiri zimamatira mwamphamvu ku thupi kapena kumamatira ku malo ena, ndipo zimakopa fumbi ndi dothi mosavuta. Magetsi osasinthasintha amakhudza kwambiri zinthu zapulasitiki: sikuti mapulasitiki okha amangotenga fumbi mosavuta, zomwe zimaika pangozi kuwonekera bwino kwawo, ukhondo wawo komanso kukongola kwawo, komanso magwiridwe antchito awo komanso kufunika kwawo kwa malonda kumachepa.
Chithandizo choletsa kusinthasintha kwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito surfactant ndiyo njira yodziwika bwino yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano kuti ichotse kuchulukana kwa madzi, ndipo ma surfactants otere amadziwika kuti ndi ma antistatic agents.
Gawo 1 Magetsi Osasunthika ndi Njira Zopangira Magesi
Ngakhale pali kusiyana pang'ono mu zotsatira za mayeso okhudzana ndi kutsatizana kwa ulusi wa triboelectric kuchokera kwa ofufuza osiyanasiyana, ulusi wokhala ndi ma amide linkages monga ubweya, nayiloni ndi ubweya wopangira nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi ma positive charges.
Machitidwe a kuyitanitsa kwa mapulasitiki wamba alembedwa mu Gome 10-2. Mndandanda wa zinthu zamtundu wa triboelectric kuyambira chaji yabwino mpaka chaji yoyipa ndi motere:
(+) Polyurethane–Tsitsi la munthu–Nayiloni–Ubweya–Silika–Ulusi wa viscose–Thonje–Rabala yolimba–Selose ya acetate–Viniloni–Polypropylene–Polyester–Polyacrylonitrile–Polyvinyl chloride–Copolymer ya vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile–Polyethylene–Polytetrafluoroethylene (-)
Njira yeniyeni yopangira magetsi osasunthika sinafotokozedwe bwino, komabe anthu ambiri akugwirizana kuti kukangana pakati pa zinthu zosiyana kumapangitsa kuti magetsi asunthike pakati pa malo olumikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi asinthe. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi chinthu kumadalira kuchuluka kapena kutayika kwa ma elekitironi: zinthu zimataya ma elekitironi ndikukhala ndi mphamvu yabwino, pomwe ma elekitironi omwe amapeza mphamvu amapeza mphamvu yoipa.
Gawo 2 Zinthu Zoletsa Kusakhazikika
Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zochotsera magetsi osasinthasintha:
Njira Zachilengedwe: Popeza kukula kwa mphamvu yokhazikika kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi, njira zakuthupi kuphatikizapo malamulo a kutentha ndi chinyezi komanso kutulutsa kwa korona zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mphamvu yokhazikika pamalo azinthu.
Njira zopangira mankhwala pamwamba: Mankhwala opangira zinthu zoyeretsera, omwe amatchedwanso kuti antistatic agents, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ulusi ndi zinthu zapulasitiki pamwamba kapena kusakaniza mu matrix apulasitiki kuti achotse magetsi oyeretsera pamwamba.
I. Zinthu Zoletsa Kusakhazikika kwa Ulusi
Katundu wofunikira wa mankhwala oletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha
(1) Sungani momwe manja anu amamvera ulusi;
(2) Imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri polimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri pamlingo wochepa ndipo imakhalabe yogwira ntchito ngakhale kutentha kutakhala kochepa;
(3) Zimagwirizana bwino kwambiri ndi ulusi wa utomoni;
(4) Kukhala ndi mgwirizano wabwino ndi zinthu zina zothandizira kukonza;
(5) Musachite thovu ndipo musasiye madontho a madzi;
(6) Sichimayambitsa poizoni komanso sichikwiyitsa khungu la munthu;
(7) Sungani magwiridwe antchito okhazikika pakapita nthawi.
Gulu la antistatic agents la fiber
Ma surfactants a Cationic ndi amphoteric amapanga magulu akuluakulu a antistatic agents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa fiber.
Njira zotsutsana ndi malo okhazikika
Ma surfactants amachita zinthu zotsutsana ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa pa nsalu kudzera m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: kuletsa kupanga zinthu mosasunthika panthawi yokhudzana ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa komanso kuthandizira kufalikira kwa mphamvu zosasunthika pamwamba. Kuletsa kufalikira kwa kutentha kwa dzuwa kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka maselo a surfactant, pomwe kufalikira kwa mphamvu kumadalira mphamvu ya madzi ndi hygroscopicity ya ma surfactants pamwamba pa ulusi.
Ma surfactants a CationicAmalowa mosavuta pamalo a ulusi wopanda mphamvu kudzera mu mphamvu zawo zabwino:
①Zimalepheretsa mphamvu za ulusi zomwe zimapangidwa pamwamba;
②Ma cationic surfactants amalumikizana ndi ulusi kudzera m'magulu a quaternary ammonium omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino, ndipo unyolo wa hydrocarbon womwe umalowa m'madzi umalunjika kunja, ndikupanga filimu yolumikizidwa bwino pamwamba pa ulusi. Filimuyi imachepetsa bwino kukangana kwa pamwamba pa nthaka ikakhudzana ndi kusakanikirana ndipo imachepetsa kusonkhana kwa kukangana.
Pa ulusi wopangidwa ndi polarity wotsika komanso woopsa kwambiri, ma cationic surfactants amamatira ku ulusi kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa unyolo wa hydrocarbon woopsa kwambiri, pomwe magulu a polar quaternary ammonium amayang'ana kunja. Izi zimaphimba ulusi ndi gawo la polar lophilic lomwe limathandizira kuyendetsa magetsi pamwamba komanso kusunga chinyezi, ndikufulumizitsa kufalikira kwa magetsi osasunthika omwe amayambitsidwa ndi kukangana ndikupereka magwiridwe antchito oletsa kusinthasintha.
Mphamvu ya dioctadecyl ammonium chloride yolowetsedwa pa ulusi wachilengedwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ya ulusi wopangidwa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri pa ulusi wachilengedwe.
Monga ma surfactants a cationic, ma surfactants amphoteric amakhala ndi ma positive charges ndipo amalowa m'malo a ulusi omwe ali ndi negative charge kuti achepetse ma static charges, ndipo ma hydrophobic moieties awo amachepetsa kukangana kwa pamwamba. Mosiyana ndi ma surfactants a cationic, ma amphoteric molecules ali ndi gulu lina la anionic, lomwe limawonjezera kuyamwa kwa chinyezi pamwamba ndi kutulutsa ma charge. Chifukwa chake ma surfactants a amphoteric amagwira ntchito ngati othandizira oletsa kusinthasintha, ngakhale pamtengo wokwera.
Ma surfactants a Anionic ndi Nonionic amasonyeza mphamvu yofooka yotsutsana ndi static chifukwa cha kuchuluka kochepa kwa adsorption pamwamba pa ulusi. Ma surfactants a Nonionic amamwa mosavuta kuposa ma surfactants a Anionic chifukwa adsorption yawo sikhudzidwa ndi ulusi pamwamba pa mphamvu, komabe amapereka mphamvu yofooka yotsutsana ndi static, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri yotsutsana ndi static poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants a cationic ndi amphoteric.
II. Zinthu Zoletsa Kusuntha kwa Mapulasitiki
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala oletsa kutentha omwe amachokera ku pulasitiki
Ma surfactants amamangirira pamwamba pa pulasitiki kudzera mu mphamvu za van der Waals zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa unyolo wa hydrocarbon womwe umathira madzi, ndipo magulu ogwira ntchito polar amatambasula kunja kuti apange filimu yolumikizidwa ndi adsorbed. Filimuyi imapereka mphamvu yoyendetsera pamwamba kuti ilole kuti magetsi aziyenda bwino komanso nthawi yomweyo imachepetsa kukangana kwa pamwamba pa mapulasitiki.
Kugawa ndi mtundu wa mankhwala a surfactant
(1) Ma surfactants a Anionic
(2) Zopangira ma cationic
(3) Mankhwala opangidwa ndi amphoteric surfactants
(4) Zosakaniza zopanda ma ionic
Kugawa m'magulu malinga ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito
(1) Zodzoladzola zotsutsana ndi kutentha (zogwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa zinthu)
(2) Zinthu zotsutsana ndi kusungunuka (zosakanikirana ndi zinthu zopangira pulasitiki panthawi yosakaniza)
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-16-2026