Kugawa ndi Katundu wa Ma Green Surfactants

Zopangira madzi oundanazimayambitsa zoopsa kwambiri pa thupi la munthu ndi zachilengedwe panthawi yopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda‑Zosungunulira zochokera ku sopo wothira madzi zimatha kusungunula madzi ndi kutsuka bwino. Komabe, zosungunulira zimenezi ndi zoopsa kwambiri ndipo zingayambitse kuyabwa pakhungu. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zosungunulira madzi kumabweretsanso zoopsa ku chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) sikuwola bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwambiri mu zosungunulira madzi kumapanga thovu lalikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thovu lizichuluka m'madzi otayira madzi m'mizinda ndi m'mitsinje. Zosungunulira madzi zokhala ndi phosphates zimayambitsa eutrophication m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja zikagwiritsidwa ntchito. Sulfur dioxide ndi sulfure trioxide zomwe zimapangidwa popanga linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), komanso dioxin.‑zinthu monga mowa ethoxylate sulfate (AES)‑zinthu zamtundu wa mtunduwu, zimapirira kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo zimawononga kwambiri chilengedwe.

Kukumana ndi anthu'thanzi lokulirakulira‑Pofuna kusamala ndi kuonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe cha anthu chikukula bwino, ndikofunikira kupanga zinthu zosungunulira zinthu zomwe sizili ngati‑poizoni komanso osavulaza anthu momwe angathere ndipo sayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe.

Kugawa ndi Katundu wa Ma Green Surfactants

Ma surfactants obiriwira amatanthauza ma surfactants opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zongowonjezedwanso, omwe ali ndi kukwiya kochepa kwa anthu komanso kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Malinga ndi ngati amalekanitsidwa m'madzi, ma surfactants obiriwira amatha kugawidwa m'magulu osagwiritsidwa ntchito.‑Ma surfactants obiriwira a ionic ndi ma surfactants obiriwira a ionic. Ma surfactants obiriwira a ionic amagawidwanso m'magulu a cationic, anionic ndi amphoteric‑mitundu ya ionic kutengera zosakaniza zawo zogwira ntchito pambuyo posungunuka.

Ma surfactants obiriwira amakonzedwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zongowonjezedwanso, motero ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri monga chiyambi chachilengedwe, kufatsa komanso kukwiya kochepa. Monga ma surfactants wamba, ma surfactants obiriwira ali ndi magulu okonda madzi ndi magulu okonda madzi. Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants achikhalidwe, ma surfactants obiriwira amapereka zinthu zambiri.‑Kuyeretsa bwino, kugwirizana bwino komanso kuyanjana bwino ndi chilengedwe, komanso kumasonyeza mphamvu zabwino zoyeretsera, kutsuka, kusungunula, kunyowetsa, kusungunula ndi kukhazikika.

Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uliwonse wa chinthu chobiriwira chotchedwa surfactant uli ndi makhalidwe akeake. Mwachitsanzo,α‑Mchere wa sulfo fatty acid ester (MEC) umasonyeza ntchito ya pamwamba pa zinthu zochepa komanso kuuma kwake‑Kukana madzi; monoalkyl phosphate ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotulutsa thovu ndi emulsifying, mphamvu yoletsa kusinthasintha kwa kutentha komanso kukonda khungu. Zinthu zobiriwira zomwe zimadziwika bwino zimaphatikizapoα‑sulfo fatty acid methyl ester (MEC), alkyl polyglycoside (APG), glucose amide (APA), alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC), monoalkyl phosphate (MAP), ndi alkyl glucose amide (MECA).

Katundu, Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Momwe Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Zobiriwira Zilili Panopa

Ma surfactants obiriwira amadziwika ndi chiyambi chachilengedwe, kufatsa komanso kukwiya kochepa. Mofanana ndi ma surfactants achikhalidwe, ali ndi magulu okonda madzi ndi magulu okonda madzi. Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants achikhalidwe, ma surfactants obiriwira amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.‑Kuyeretsa bwino, kugwirizana bwino komanso kuyanjana bwino ndi chilengedwe, komanso kusakaniza, kutsuka, kusungunula, kunyowetsa, kusungunula ndi kukhazikika.

●Alkyl Polyglucosides(APG)

Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) ndi mankhwala atsopano.‑zachilengedwe za m'badwo‑Chosakaniza chobiriwira chokoma. Sichothandiza‑ionic surfactant yopangidwa ndi shuga wochita zinthu kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe kapena zongowonjezedwanso monga starch yokhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo. Monga chinthu chatsopano chomwe sichinapangidwe‑APG ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotulutsa thovu, imakhala ndi kukwiya kochepa m'thupi la munthu komanso imatha kuwonongeka mosavuta. Imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa pamwamba, chotsukira bwino, thovu lolemera komanso losalala, imagwirizana kwambiri, komanso imagwira ntchito bwino ndi mitundu yonse ya ma surfactants. Ilinso ndi mphamvu zambiri zogwirira ntchito.‑ntchito yolimbana ndi mabakiteriya ya spectrum, yosavuta kuchepetsedwa, siiwonetsa malo amtambo kapena gelation, ndipo ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi alkali wamphamvu‑kukana ndi mchere‑kulolerana.

Zipangizo zopangira APG zimapangidwa pakamwa‑shuga ndi mowa wamafuta. Chifukwa chakuti si‑poizoni komanso wopanda poizoni‑Zinthu zokhumudwitsa, APG imagwira ntchito m'malo mwa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale kuphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo, sopo, zodzoladzola, chakudya, mankhwala, ndi moto.‑kumenyana, nsalu, kusindikiza ndi kuyika utoto, komanso mafuta.

●Mowa Ether Sulfate (AES)

Alcohol ether sulfate (AES) imapezeka pophatikiza mafuta a ethoxylates, omwe amapangidwa kudzera mu kuphatikizana pakati pa mafuta ambiri a alcohol ndi ethylene oxide. Monga gulu lofunikira la anionic surfactants, AES ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri.‑kukana madzi, kuchita thovu komanso kuchepa kwa ntchito‑mphamvu ya kutentha. Imawonongeka mofulumira, imayambitsa kuyabwa pang'ono pakhungu, ndipo imagwirizana bwino ndi ma enzyme. Yankho lake ndi lowonekera bwino komanso lokhazikika, ndipo kukhuthala kwake kumatha kusinthidwa mosavuta ndi ma electrolyte. Chifukwa chake, AES imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo wamadzimadzi, wotsika‑phosphorous ndi phosphorous‑sopo waulere, ndi zinthu zosamalira thupi. Ndiwonso chinthu chodziwika bwino chobiriwira cha anionic ku China. Chatsopano chotere‑Mitundu ya zinthu monga Guerbet alcohol sulfate (GAS), Guerbet alcohol phosphate (GAP), Guerbet alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (GAES) ndi Guerbet alcohol ethoxylate phosphate (GAEP).

●Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)

MES ndi yatsopano‑chopangira madzi chobiriwira cha m'badwo. Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chake chatenga zaka makumi asanu. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, pafupifupi zonse zili bwino‑Makampani odziwika bwino otsukira sopo adzipereka kwambiri ku MES ndipo azindikira bwino momwe imagwirira ntchito bwino. Yochokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe komanso zongowonjezwdwanso, MES ndi chilengedwe.‑Chomera chobiriwira chokongola komanso chosavuta kuwonongeka. MES ndi yofatsa, ndipo kukwiya kwake ndi poizoni wake kwa anthu ndizochepa kuposa za linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), zofanana ndi AS ndi AES. Sichili ndi poizoni pakamwa ndipo sichimawola kwenikweni.‑poizoni kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Imagwira ntchito bwino potsuka m'madzi ozizira komanso olimba, ndipo chotsukira chake chimaposa cha LAS ndi AS, ndipo ili ndi ubwino waukulu m'madzi olimba.—kufooka kwakukulu kwa LAS. Ili ndi phosphorous yabwino‑mphamvu zake zilibe mphamvu kuposa LAS. LAS imachepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusakhalapo kwa alkali ndi sodium tripolyphosphate, pomwe MES imataya mphamvu zake pang'ono. Chifukwa chake MES ndi yoyenera kwambiri popanga phosphorous.‑kwaulere / otsika‑phosphorous zachilengedwe‑sopo wofewa wabwino. Ngakhale zabwino zonsezi, ntchito yake yeniyeni ya pachaka yakhala ikupitilira pafupifupi 20 000 matani. Kutsatsa kwake kwa malonda kumalepheretsedwa makamaka ndi mavuto opanga ndi kupanga: utoto wozama, hydrolysis yosavuta kukhala yoipa‑sopo wothira disodium mchere panthawi yothira bleach, kusakhazikika bwino kwa kutentha m'madzi okhala ndi alkaline, komanso mavuto a kapangidwe kake.

●Zowonongeka za Gemini Surfactants

Ma surfactants a Gemini ali ndi kapangidwe kapadera ka mamolekyu. Mamolekyu a monomeric surfactant nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi unyolo umodzi wosagwirizana ndi madzi ndi gulu limodzi lokonda madzi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mamolekyu a Gemini surfactant nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maunyolo awiri (kapena atatu) okonda madzi, magulu awiri okonda madzi ndi gulu limodzi lokonda madzi pafupi ndi malo okonda madzi. Gulu la spacer likhoza kukhala lokonda madzi kapena lokonda madzi. Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants a monomeric, ma surfactants a Gemini ali ndi zinthu zambiri zabwino: kugwira ntchito pamwamba, malo otsika a Krafft komanso kusungunuka bwino kwa madzi, kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pochepetsa mphamvu ya madzi pamwamba, zotsatira zabwino zogwirizana zikaphatikizidwa ndi ma surfactants a monomeric, laimu wabwino.‑mphamvu yofalitsira sopo, mphamvu yolimba yochepetsera mafuta‑mphamvu ya madzi pakati pa nkhope, mphamvu yowonjezera ya kusungunuka kwa mafuta, komanso kuchepetsa kuyabwa pakhungu. Ma Gemini surfactants ndi atsopano abwino kwambiri‑mtundu wa zinthu. Komabe, ndalama zambiri zopangira zimaletsa kukula kwa mafakitale, ndipo zinthu ziwiri zokha za Gemini zomwe zikupezeka pakadali pano.

●Polyepoxysuccinic Acid (PESA), Polyaspartic Acid (PASP)

Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) ndi phosphorous yomwe imapezeka m'thupi.‑wopanda nayitrogeni‑mankhwala oletsa dzimbiri komanso mamba oletsa kuwonongeka kwa zomera omwe adapangidwa koyamba ndi Betz Laboratories ku United States kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. PESA ili ndi kukula kwabwino kwambiri‑kuletsa magwiridwe antchito; pakadali pano, ndi phosphorous‑wopanda, nayitrogeni‑Yopanda poizoni ndipo imatha kuwola mosavuta. Imagwira ntchito pa zinthu zolemera kwambiri‑alkalinity ndi mkulu‑chiwerengero chonse‑kusungunuka‑machitidwe amadzi olimba, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza madzi a boiler, kuchiza madzi ozizira, kuchiza zimbudzi, kuchotsa mchere m'madzi a m'nyanja, kulekanitsa nembanemba ndi zochitika zina.

Kukula kwake‑kuletsa ndi dzimbiri‑Magwiridwe antchito oletsa ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa a sodium polyacrylate, polymaleic acid ndi tartaric acid. Pokhala ndi njira zopangira zoyera, PESA imatha kuonongeka bwino komanso mokhazikika ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena bowa mpaka kuwononga chilengedwe.‑zinthu zikagwiritsidwa ntchito, zimaonedwa ngati“chilengedwe‑wochezeka"mankhwala obiriwira. Lakhala malo ofufuzira ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zotsukira madzi m'dziko ndi kunja, ndipo chitukuko chakunja m'munda uwu chapita patsogolo mofulumira m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Asidi ya polyaspartic imapangidwa kuchokera ku aspartic acid kapena maleic acid pogwiritsa ntchito catalyst. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi ozizira, madzi owiritsa, kuchotsa mchere m'madzi, kubwezeretsa shuga, reverse osmosis ndi njira zina. Makamaka mu mafuta.‑Malo obowolera zitsime popanga mafuta, imagwira ntchito ngati choletsa calcium carbonate, barium sulfate ndi calcium sulfate. Ofufuza akunja aphunzira kapangidwe, kapangidwe ndi katundu wa polyaspartic acid ndipo azindikira momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito m'mafakitale. Kafukufuku wambiri wachitikanso ku China. Ndi kuwonongeka kwabwino kwachilengedwe komanso kukula kwabwino.‑kuletsa magwiridwe antchito, polyaspartic‑asidi‑Mankhwala ochizira madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda amaonedwa kuti ndi oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala obiriwira.