Ishyirwa mu byiciro n'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'icyatsi kibisi

Surfactantsbiteza akaga gakomeye ku mubiri w'umuntu no ku bidukikije mu gihe cyo gukora no gukoresha. Kongeramo ingano runaka ya surfactant‑Imiti ikoreshwa mu gushonga ishobora kongera ubushobozi bwayo bwo gushonga no gukaraba. Nyamara, iyi miti irahumanya ku rugero runaka kandi ishobora gutera ububabare bw'uruhu. Gukoresha cyane imiti ikoreshwa mu gushonga binateza ingaruka mbi ku rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Urugero, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) ntishobora kwangirika neza. Gukoreshwa cyane mu mashini zikoreshwa mu gushonga bitanga ifuro rinini, bigatuma ifuro rikabije mu miyoboro y'amazi yo mu mijyi no mu migezi. Imiti ikoreshwa mu gushonga irimo fosfeti itera eutrophication mu migezi no mu biyaga iyo ikoreshejwe. Dioxyde de sulfur na trioxide de sulfur bikorerwa mu gihe cyo gukora alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), ndetse na dioxin.‑nk'ibintu biri muri alcool ethoxylate sulfate (AES)‑ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa, birwanya kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima kandi byangiza ibidukikije cyane.

Guhura n'abantu'ubuzima bukomeza kwiyongera‑ubwitabire bukenewe kandi bugatanga icyizere cy’iterambere rirambye ry’ibidukikije, ni ngombwa gukora ibintu bitanga ubutare butari‑uburozi kandi ntacyo butwaye abantu uko bishoboka kose kandi ntibitera umwanda ku bidukikije.

Ishyirwa mu byiciro n'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'icyatsi kibisi

Inyongeramusaruro z’icyatsi kibisi ni inyongeramusaruro zikozwe mu bintu karemano cyangwa bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, zifite ubukana buke bw’abantu kandi zishobora kwangirika. Dukurikije niba zitandukaniye mu mazi, inyongeramusaruro z’icyatsi zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitari‑Surfactants z'icyatsi kibisi cya ionic na surfactants z'icyatsi kibisi cya ionic. Surfactants z'icyatsi kibisi za ionic zishyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: cationic, anionic na amphoteric‑ubwoko bwa iyoni bushingiye ku bintu bikora nyuma yo gushonga.

Imiti ikoreshwa mu gukora surfactants y’icyatsi kibisi itunganywa mu bintu karemano cyangwa bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, bityo ikaba ifite imiterere myiza nko kuba inkomoko karemano, ubukana no kudakara cyane. Kimwe n’imiti ikoreshwa mu gukora surfactants isanzwe, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukora surfactants y’icyatsi kibisi irimo amatsinda akunda amazi n’amatsinda akunda amazi. Ugereranyije n’imiti ikoreshwa mu gukora surfactants gakondo, imiti ikoreshwa mu gukora surfactants y’icyatsi kibisi itanga umusaruro mwinshi.‑uburyo bwo gukora neza, guhuza neza no guhuza neza n'ibidukikije, kandi bikagira ingaruka nziza zo gushonga, gukaraba, gushonga, gutosesha, gushonga no gutuza.

Byongeye kandi, buri bwoko bwa surfactant y'icyatsi kibisi bufite imiterere yihariye. Urugero,αumunyu wa aside fatty ester ya sulfo (MEC) ugaragaza imikorere y'ubuso ku rugero ruto kandi rufite ubukana‑Irwanya amazi; monoalkyl phosphate ifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura ifuro no gukurura umwuka, ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere ndetse n'uruhu rwayo rwihariye. Ibintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gusukura uruhu birimoαaside methyl ester irimo amavuta ya sulfo (MEC), alkyl polyglycoside (APG), amide ya glucose (APA), alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC), monoalkyl phosphate (MAP), na alkyl glucose amide (MECA).

Imiterere, Imikoreshereze n'uko ibintu bihagaze ubu by'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibinyabutabire bihumanya ibidukikije

Imiti ikoreshwa mu gusukura icyatsi irangwa n'inkomoko karemano, ubukana n'ubushyuhe buke. Kimwe n'imiti ikoreshwa mu gusukura icyatsi isanzwe, ifite amatsinda akunda gukurura amazi n'amatsinda akunda gukurura amazi. Ugereranyije n'imiti ikoreshwa mu gusukura icyatsi, imiti ikoreshwa mu gusukura icyatsi ifite ubukana bwinshi.‑uburyo bwo gukora neza, guhuza neza no guhuza neza n'ibidukikije, ndetse no gushyira mu buryo bunoze, gukaraba, gushonga, gutosesha, gushonga no gutuza.

●Alkyl Polyglucosides(APG)

Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) ni umuti mushya‑ibidukikije by'inkomoko‑isukura ry'icyatsi kibisi ryiza. Ni ikintu kidakoresha‑ionic surfactant ikorwa binyuze mu gukora isukari ikomoka ku bintu karemano cyangwa bishobora kongera gukoreshwa nk'ibinyampeke birimo alkoholi zirimo ibinure. Nk'inkuru nshya idashingiye ku‑APG ifite ubushobozi bwo gusohora ifuro ryiza cyane, ifite ubukana buke ku mibiri y'abantu kandi ishobora kwangirika. Igaragaza ubushyuhe buke ku buso, isuku nziza, ifuro ryiza kandi rihagije, ihuye neza, kandi igaragara neza ku buryo ikorana n'ubwoko bwose bw'imashini zikora ifuro. Ifite kandi uburyo bwagutse bwo gusohora ifuro.‑imikorere ya antibiyotike ya spectrum, biroroshye kuyigabanya, nta gice cy'igicu cyangwa ingano y'amazi, kandi byoroshye kuyikoresha hamwe na alkali ikomeye‑kurwanya no gutwika umunyu‑kwihanganirana.

Ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora APG bitangwa mu kanwa‑isukari yo mu rwego rwo hejuru n'inzoga zirimo ibinure. Kubera ko atari‑uburozi kandi nta‑Ibintu bitera ubukana, APG ikora nk'igisimbura imiti isanzwe kandi ifite amahirwe menshi yo kuyikoresha. Ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zirimo imiti yica udukoko, isabune, amavuta yo kwisiga, ibiryo, imiti, inkongi.‑imirwano, imyenda, gucapa no gusiga amarangi, hamwe na peteroli.

●Alcool Ether Sulfate (AES)

Alcohol ether sulfate (AES) iboneka binyuze mu misemburo ya alcohol irimo amavuta, ikorwa binyuze mu kongeramo alcohol nyinshi zifite amavuta na ethylene oxide. Nk'ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa surfactants za anionic, AES ifite imbaraga zikomeye cyane.‑Ubudahangarwa bw'amazi, ubushobozi bwo gusohora ifuro no kuba buke‑Imiterere y'ubushyuhe. Irangirika vuba, igatera uruhu gushya, kandi ikagaragaza ko ihuye neza na enzymes. Umuti wayo urasobanutse kandi uhamye, kandi ubushyuhe bwayo bushobora guhindurwa byoroshye na electrolytes. Kubwibyo, AES ikoreshwa cyane mu isabune y'amazi, nkeya‑fosifore na fosifore‑isabune y'ubuntu, n'ibikoresho byo kwiyitaho. Ni na surfactant y'icyatsi kibisi ikoreshwa cyane mu Bushinwa. Ni nshya cyane.‑Ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa birimo Guerbet alcohol sulfate (GAS), Guerbet alcohol phosphate (GAP), Guerbet alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (GAES) na Guerbet alcohol ethoxylate phosphate (GAEP).

●Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)

MES ni nshya‑isabune y'icyatsi kibisi. Ubushakashatsi bwayo n'iterambere ryayo bimaze imyaka mirongo itanu. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, hafi ya byose ni byiza‑Amasosiyete azwi cyane akora isuku y’amazi yashyize imbaraga nyinshi muri MES kandi yashimiye cyane imikorere yayo myiza. Ikomoka ku bikoresho karemano kandi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, MES ni ibidukikije‑Umuti w’icyatsi kibisi mwiza kandi utuma ubora neza. MES ni nto, kandi ubukana bwayo n’uburozi bwayo ku bantu biri hasi ugereranije n’ibya linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), ugereranije na AS na AES. Nta burozi ifite mu kanwa kandi ntabwo ikoreshwa mu buryo bugaragara.‑Uburozi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi. Itanga umusaruro mwiza wo koga mu mazi akonje no mu mazi akomeye, kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo gusukura buruta ubwa LAS na AS, hamwe n'inyungu zigaragara mu mazi akomeye.—intege nke zikomeye za LAS. Ifite fosifore nziza‑ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu bitandukanye na LAS. LAS igabanuka cyane mu bijyanye no kugabanya ubushyuhe mu gihe nta alkali na sodium tripolyphosphate ihari, mu gihe MES itakaza ubushobozi bwayo cyane. Bityo MES ikwiriye cyane mu gukora fosifore.‑ubuntu / hasi‑ibidukikije bya fosifore‑isabune nziza. Nubwo hari ibyo byiza byose, umusaruro wayo mu mwaka umaze igihe kinini ugera kuri 20 000 toni. Kwamamaza kwayo mu bucuruzi ahanini bigengwa n'ibibazo by'inganda n'ibijyanye no kuyitunganya: ibara ryinshi, gushonga byoroshye mu buryo bubi‑Umunyu wa disodiyumu ukoreshwa mu gusukura mu gihe cyo gusibanganya, ubushyuhe buke mu gihe cy'amazi arimo alkaline, hamwe n'ingorane mu gukora isuku.

●Ibikoresho bya Gemini bishobora kubora

Ibikoresho bya Gemini bifite imiterere yihariye ya molekile. Molekile za monomeric surfactant muri rusange zigizwe n'urunigi rumwe rudacobeka n'itsinda rimwe ridacobeka n'amazi. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, molekile za Gemini surfactant ubusanzwe zigizwe n'iminyururu ibiri (cyangwa itatu) idacobeka n'amazi, amatsinda abiri akunda amazi n'itsinda rimwe ridacobeka hafi y'ibice bikunda amazi. Itsinda ry'ibice rishobora kuba ridacobeka n'amazi cyangwa ridacobeka n'amazi. Ugereranyije n'ibikoresho bya monomeric, ibikoresho bya Gemini surfactant bifite imiterere myinshi itangaje: imikorere myinshi y'ubuso, aho Krafft iri hasi no gushonga neza kw'amazi, ubushobozi bwo kugabanya umuvuduko w'amazi ku buso, ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza amazi iyo zivanze n'ibikoresho bya monomeric surfactant, lime nziza.‑ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza isabune, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kugabanya amavuta‑gukurura amazi hagati y’uruso, ubushobozi bwo gushonga kw’amavuta, no kugabanya uburibwe bw’uruhu. Ibikoresho bya Gemini bitanga umusaruro mushya udasanzwe‑ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa. Nyamara, ibiciro byo gukora bihanitse bigabanya iterambere ry'inganda, kandi kugeza ubu hari ibicuruzwa bibiri bya Gemini by’inganda.

●Aside ya Polyepoxysuccinic (PESA), aside ya Polyaspartique (PASP)

Aside Polyepoxysuccinic (PESA) ni fosifore‑nta na azote irimo‑ikoreshwa mu kwangiza no gukumira ubushyuhe bw'icyatsi kibisi byangiritse byakozwe bwa mbere na Betz Laboratories muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu ntangiriro za 1990. PESA igaragaza ubunini bwiza cyane‑bibuza imikorere; hagati aho, ni fosifore‑nta ruhushya, azote‑idafite ingaruka kandi yoroshye kubora. Ikoreshwa ku‑ubutare bwinshi kandi buri hejuru‑igiteranyo‑byashongeshejwe‑sisitemu z'amazi akomeye, kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi ya boiler, gutunganya amazi akonje, gutunganya imyanda, gukuramo umunyu mu mazi yo mu nyanja, gutandukanya uturemangingo n'ibindi bintu.

Igipimo cyayo‑gukumira no kwangirika‑Imikorere yo kubuza iraruta cyane iya sodium polyacrylate, aside polymaleic na aside tartarique. Ifite uburyo bwo gukora ibintu busukuye, PESA ishobora kwangirika neza kandi mu buryo burambye na mikorobe cyangwa ibihumyo mu buryo butangiza ibidukikije.‑ibicuruzwa nyuma yo kubikoresha, bityo bifatwa nk'ikintu"ibidukikije‑y'ubucuti"imiti ihumanya ikirere. Yabaye ahantu hakorerwa ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ibikoresho byo gutunganya amazi mu gihugu no mu mahanga, kandi iterambere ryo mu mahanga muri uru rwego ryateye imbere cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha.

Aside ya polyaspartike ikorwa na polymer iva kuri aside aspartike cyangwa aside maleic mu buryo bwa catalyst. Ikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya amazi mu gukonjesha, mu mazi ashyushye, mu gukuramo umunyu, mu gusubiza isukari mu buryo busanzwe, mu guhindura osmosis n'izindi nzira. Cyane cyane mu mavuta.‑Ahacukurwa amariba mu gutunganya peteroli, ikora nk'inzitizi ku imvura ya karubone karubone, barium sulfate na karubone karubone. Abashakashatsi b'abanyamahanga bigaga ku ikorwa, imiterere n'imiterere ya aside polyaspartique kandi bamenya ikoreshwa ryayo mu nganda. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe no mu Bushinwa. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima kandi ifite urwego rwiza.‑kubuza imikorere, polyaspartike‑aside‑Imiti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi ifatwa nk'imiti ibuza imiti kuva ku gihingwa cyanduye.