Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nezakhiwo ze-Green Surfactants

Ama-surfactantkubangela izingozi ezinkulu emzimbeni womuntu kanye nasezindaweni zemvelo ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Ukwengeza inani elithile le-surfactant‑Izithako ezisekelwe ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza zingathuthukisa ukuncibilika kwazo kanye nokusebenza kwazo kokuwasha. Noma kunjalo, lezi zithako zinobuthi ngezinga elithile futhi zingabangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba okusobala. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-surfactants kuletha nezingozi ezingaba khona emvelweni. Isibonelo, i-sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) ayinawo amandla okubola. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza kukhiqiza amagwebu amakhulu, okuholela egwebu eliningi emiseleni yamanzi angcolile yasemadolobheni nasemifuleni. Izithako zokuhlanza eziqukethe ama-phosphate zibangela i-eutrophication emifuleni nasemachibini lapho zisetshenziswa. I-Sulfur dioxide kanye ne-sulfur trioxide ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-alkylbenzene sulfonate eqondile (LAS), kanye ne-dioxin‑izinto ezifana nezinto eziku-alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (AES)‑imikhiqizo yohlobo, imelana nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo futhi ibangela umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni.

Ukuhlangana nabantu'impilo ekhulayo‑izidingo zokunakekelwa nokuqinisekisa intuthuko esimeme yendawo yokuhlala yabantu, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa ama-surfactants angewona awemvelo.‑zinobuthi futhi azinangozi kubantu ngangokunokwenzeka futhi azibangeli ukungcola endaweni ezungezile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nezakhiwo ze-Green Surfactants

Ama-surfactant aluhlaza abhekisela kuma-surfactant acutshungulwa kusuka ezinsizeni zemvelo noma ezivuselelekayo, anokucasuka okuncane kubantu kanye nokubola okulungele ukubola. Ngokusho kokuthi ahlukana yini emanzini, ama-surfactant aluhlaza angahlukaniswa abe yi-non-‑ama-surfactant aluhlaza okotshani kanye nama-surfactant aluhlaza okotshani. Ama-surfactant aluhlaza okotshani ahlukaniswa kabanzi ngama-cationic, anionic kanye nama-amphoteric‑izinhlobo ze-ionic ngokusekelwe ezithako zazo ezisebenzayo ngemva kokuncibilika.

Ama-surfactant aluhlaza acutshungulwa ngezinsiza zemvelo noma ezivuselelekayo, ngakho-ke anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu njengemvelaphi yemvelo, ubumnene kanye nokucasuka okuncane. Njengama-surfactant avamile, ama-surfactant aluhlaza aqukethe amaqembu athanda amanzi kanye namaqembu athanda amanzi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactant avamile, ama-surfactant aluhlaza anikeza okuphezulu.‑ukuhlanza kahle, ukuhambisana okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuhambisana kahle kwemvelo, futhi kukhombisa izakhiwo ezinhle zokuhlanganisa, ukugeza, ukuncibilikisa, ukumanzisa, ukuncibilikisa kanye nokuzinzisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo ngalunye lwe-surfactant eluhlaza lunezakhiwo ezihlukile. Isibonelo,α‑usawoti we-sulfo fatty acid ester (MEC) ubonisa umsebenzi wobuso ngamanani aphansi kanye nobunzima‑ukumelana namanzi; i-monoalkyl phosphate ine-foam evelele kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-emulsifying, i-antistatic properties kanye ne-affinity ekhethekile yesikhumba. Ama-surfactants aluhlaza avamile afaka phakathiα‑i-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester (MEC), i-alkyl polyglycoside (APG), i-glucose amide (APA), i-alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC), i-monoalkyl phosphate (MAP), kanye ne-alkyl glucose amide (MECA).

Izakhiwo, Izicelo kanye Nesimo Samanje Sezinhlobo Eziningana Zama-Green Surfactants

Ama-surfactant aluhlaza abonakala ngemvelaphi yemvelo, ubumnene kanye nokucasuka okuncane. Njengama-surfactant avamile, anamaqembu athanda amanzi kanye namaqembu athanda amanzi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactant avamile, ama-surfactant aluhlaza anezici eziphezulu.‑ukuhlanza kahle, ukuhambisana okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuhambisana kahle kwemvelo, kanye nokusebenza okufiselekayo kokuxuba, ukuwasha, ukuncibilikisa, ukumanzisa, ukuncibilikisa kanye nokuzinzisa.

●Ama-Alkyl Polyglucosides(I-APG)

I-Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) iyisidakamizwa esisha‑i-eco yesizukulwane‑i-surfactant eluhlaza enobungane. Ayiyona into ewusizo‑i-ionic surfactant eyenziwe ngokusabela kwe-glucose ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zemvelo noma ezivuselelekayo njengesitashi esinamafutha alcohols. Njengento entsha engeyona‑i-ionic surfactant, i-APG inamandla amahle kakhulu okukhipha amagwebu, ukucasuka okuncane emizimbeni yabantu kanye nokubola okulungele ukubola. Iveza ukungezwani kobuso okuphansi, ukuhlanza okuhle, igwebu elicebile nelincane, ukuhambisana okuqinile, kanye nemiphumela ecacile yokusebenzisana nazo zonke izinhlobo zama-surfactants. Iphinde ibe nobubanzi‑umsebenzi we-spectrum antibacterial, kulula ukuwuhlanza, awubonisi iphuzu lamafu noma i-gel, futhi kulula ukuwusebenzisa nge-alkali enamandla‑ukumelana nosawoti‑ukubekezelelana.

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza i-APG ziphuzwa ngomlomo‑amazinga e-glucose kanye notshwala obunamafutha. Ngenxa yokuthi akulona‑ubuthi futhi akunabo‑Izici ezicasulayo, i-APG isebenza esikhundleni sama-surfactants avamile futhi inamathuba amaningi okusetshenziswa. Isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni yezimboni kufaka phakathi izibulala-zinambuzane, insipho, izimonyo, ukudla, imithi, umlilo.‑ukulwa, izindwangu, ukunyathelisa nokudaya, kanye nophethiloli.

●I-Alcohol Ether Sulfate (AES)

I-Alcohol ether sulfate (AES) itholakala ngokufaka ama-ethoxylates e-alcohol anamafutha e-sulfate, akhiqizwa ngokusabela kokwengeza phakathi kwama-alcohol anamafutha aphezulu kanye ne-ethylene oxide. Njengesigaba esibalulekile sama-surfactants e-anionic, i-AES inokuqina okuhle kakhulu‑ukumelana namanzi, ukusebenza kwegwebu kanye nokuphansi‑Impahla yokushisa. Iyabola ngokushesha, ibangela ukucasuka okuncane kwesikhumba, futhi ikhombisa ukuhambisana okuhle nama-enzyme. Isixazululo sayo sicacile futhi sizinzile, futhi ukujiya kwayo kungalungiswa kalula ngama-electrolyte. Ngakho-ke, i-AES isetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza uketshezi, eziphansi‑i-phosphorus ne-phosphorus‑izihlanzi zamahhala, kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu siqu. Futhi iyi-surfactant eluhlaza e-anionic eShayina. Kusha kanjalo‑Imikhiqizo yohlobo ifaka phakathi i-Guerbet alcohol sulfate (GAS), i-Guerbet alcohol phosphate (GAP), i-Guerbet alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (GAES) kanye ne-Guerbet alcohol ethoxylate phosphate (GAEP).

●I-Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)

I-MES iyintsha‑isizukulwane se-surfactant eluhlaza. Ucwaningo nentuthuko yayo ithatha iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, cishe konke kulungile‑Izinkampani zokuhlanza ezaziwayo zizinikele kakhulu kwi-MES futhi ziqaphele kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. Ithathwe ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zemvelo nezivuselelekayo, i-MES iyi-eco‑umkhiqizo oluhlaza onobungane onokubola okuhle. I-MES imnene, futhi ukucasuka kwayo kanye nobuthi kubantu kuphansi kune-alkylbenzene sulfonate eqondile (LAS), efana ne-AS kanye ne-AES. Ayinabo ubuthi bomlomo futhi cishe ayinabo.‑inobuthi ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini. Inikeza ukusebenza okuhle kokuwasha emanzini abandayo namanzi aqinile, futhi uketshezi lwayo ludlula olwe-LAS ne-AS, ngezinzuzo ezivelele emanzini aqinile.—ubuthakathaka obukhulu be-LAS. Ine-phosphorus engcono‑izakhiwo zayo zikhululekile kune-LAS. I-LAS ibhekene nokwehla okukhulu kokubola uma kungekho i-alkali ne-sodium tripolyphosphate, kuyilapho i-MES ilahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke i-MES ifaneleka kakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-phosphorus.‑mahhala / ephansi‑i-phosphorus eco‑izinsipho ezinobungane. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinzuzo, umkhiqizo wayo waminyaka yonke usuhlale isikhathi eside ufinyelela kuma-20 000 amathani. Ukukhuthazwa kwayo kwezentengiselwano kunqunyelwe kakhulu yizinkinga zokukhiqiza kanye nokwakheka: umbala ojulile, i-hydrolysis elula ibe yimbi kakhulu‑usawoti we-disodium wokuhlanzisa ngesikhathi sokumhlopheza, ukuqina kokushisa okungekuhle ngaphansi kwezimo zamanzi ze-alkaline, kanye nobunzima bokwakheka.

●Ama-surfactants e-Gemini abola

Ama-surfactant e-Gemini anezakhiwo ezikhethekile zama-molecule. Ama-molecule e-surfactant e-Monomeric ngokuvamile aqukethe uchungechunge olulodwa lwe-hydrophobic kanye neqembu elilodwa le-hydrophilic. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-molecule e-surfactant e-Gemini avame ukwakhiwa ngamaketanga amabili (noma amathathu) e-hydrophobic, amaqembu amabili e-hydrophilic kanye neqembu elilodwa le-spacer eduze kwezindawo ze-hydrophilic. Iqembu le-spacer lingaba yi-hydrophilic noma i-hydrophobic. Uma liqhathaniswa nama-surfactant e-monomeric, ama-surfactant e-Gemini anezakhiwo eziningi ezivelele: umsebenzi ophezulu wobuso, iphuzu eliphansi le-Krafft kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka kobuso bamanzi, imiphumela enamandla yokusebenzisana uma ihlanganiswa nama-surfactant e-monomeric, i-lime enhle‑amandla okusabalalisa insipho, ikhono elinamandla lokunciphisa uwoyela‑ukucindezeleka kwamanzi phakathi kobuso, amandla athuthukisiwe okuncibilikisa uwoyela, kanye nokunciphisa ukucasuka kwesikhumba. Ama-surfactants e-Gemini amelela okusha okumangalisayo‑izinhlobo zemikhiqizo. Noma kunjalo, izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphakeme zinciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, futhi imikhiqizo emibili kuphela ye-Gemini ethuthukile etholakalayo kuze kube manje.

●I-Polyepoxysuccinic Acid (PESA), i-Polyaspartic Acid (PASP)

I-Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) iyi-phosphorus‑mahhala futhi i-nitrogen‑ukugqwala okubolayo okuluhlaza okungenawo umoya kanye nesithiyo sezikali esakhiwe okokuqala yiBetz Laboratories e-United States ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. I-PESA ibonisa isikali esihle kakhulu‑kuvimbela ukusebenza; okwamanje, yi-phosphorus‑mahhala, i-nitrogen‑ikhululekile futhi ibola kalula. Isebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme‑i-alkalinity kanye nokuphakama‑isamba‑kuncibilikisiwe‑izinhlelo zamanzi aqinile, futhi zingasetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwamanzi ebhoyila, ukwelashwa kwamanzi okupholisa, ukwelashwa kwendle, ukukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini olwandle, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-membrane nezinye izimo.

Isikali sayo‑ukuvimbela kanye nokugqwala‑Ukusebenza okuvimbelayo kuphakeme kakhulu kune-sodium polyacrylate, i-polymaleic acid kanye ne-tartaric acid. Njengoba inezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile, i-PESA ingawohloka ngempumelelo nangokuzinzile yizinto ezincane noma isikhunta ibe yingozi emvelweni.‑imikhiqizo ngemva kokusetshenziswa, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njenge-"indawo ezungezile‑enobungane"ikhemikhali eluhlaza. Sekuyisizinda socwaningo nentuthuko yezinsiza zokwelashwa kwamanzi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, futhi intuthuko yaphesheya kwezilwandle kulo mkhakha ithuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva nje.

I-polyaspartic acid i-polymerized kusuka ku-aspartic acid noma i-maleic acid ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni amanzi okupholisa, amanzi abilayo, ukukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini, ukubuyiselwa kokukhishwa ushukela, i-reverse osmosis nezinye izinqubo. Ikakhulukazi ku-oyili‑Izindawo zokumba imithombo ekukhiqizweni kukaphethiloli, isebenza njengesivimbeli se-calcium carbonate, i-barium sulfate kanye ne-calcium sulfate precipitation. Abacwaningi bakwamanye amazwe bafunde ukwakheka, isakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo ze-polyaspartic acid futhi baqaphela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezimboni. Ucwaningo olubanzi luye lwenziwa naseShayina. Ngokubola okuhle kakhulu kanye nesilinganiso esihle‑ukuvimbela ukusebenza, i-polyaspartic‑i-asidi‑Izinto zokwelapha amanzi ezisekelwe emanzini zibhekwa njengezithibi zangempela zesikali esiluhlaza.