Uhlu kunye neempawu zeGreen Surfactants

Ii-surfactantszibeka iingozi ezinkulu emzimbeni womntu nakwiindawo ezingqongileyo ngexesha lokuveliswa kwazo nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Ukongeza inani elithile le-surfactant‑Izinyibilikisi ezisekelwe kwiisepha zinokuphucula ukunyibilika kwazo kunye nokusebenza kwazo ekuhlambeni. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinyibilikisi ziyingozi ngandlela ithile kwaye zinokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa kwesikhumba okubonakalayo. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwee-surfactants kuzisa neengozi ezinokubakho kwi-ecosystems. Umzekelo, i-sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) ayinakubola kakuhle. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kakhulu kwiisepha kuvelisa amagwebu amakhulu, okukhokelela kwigwebu eligqithisileyo kwimijelo yamanzi amdaka asezidolophini nakwimilambo. Izinyibilikisi ezinee-phosphates zibangela i-eutrophication kwimilambo nasemachibini xa zisetyenziswa. I-Sulfur dioxide kunye ne-sulfur trioxide ziveliswa ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), kunye ne-dioxin‑izinto ezifana ne-alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (AES)‑iimveliso zohlobo, ziyamelana nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo kwaye zonakalisa kakhulu okusingqongileyo.

Ukudibana nabantu'impilo ekhulayo‑iimfuno zokhathalelo kunye nokuqinisekisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwendalo esingqongileyo yabantu, kubalulekile ukuphuhlisa ii-surfactants ezingezizo ezo‑ziyingozi kwaye azinabungozi ebantwini kangangoko kwaye azibangeli ungcoliseko kwindalo esingqongileyo.

Uhlu kunye neempawu zeGreen Surfactants

Ii-surfactants eziluhlaza zibhekisa kwii-surfactants ezicutshungulwa kwizixhobo zendalo okanye ezivuselelekayo, ezinoburhalarhume obuphantsi ebantwini kunye nokubola okukulungeleyo. Ngokwendlela eziqhekeka ngayo emanzini, ii-surfactants eziluhlaza zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-non‑ii-surfactants eziluhlaza ze-ionic kunye nee-surfactants eziluhlaza ze-ionic. Ii-surfactants eziluhlaza ze-ionic zahlulwe ngakumbi kwi-cationic, anionic kunye ne-amphoteric‑iintlobo ze-ionic ezisekelwe kwizithako zazo ezisebenzayo emva kokunyibilika.

Ii-surfactants eziluhlaza zicutshungulwa kwizixhobo zendalo okanye ezivuselelekayo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela zineempawu ezintle ezifana nemvelaphi yendalo, ubumnene kunye nokucaphuka okuncinci. Njengee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo, ii-surfactants eziluhlaza ziqulathe amaqela athanda amanzi kunye namaqela athanda amanzi. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants zemveli, ii-surfactants eziluhlaza zinika amandla aphezulu.‑ukucoca okusebenzayo, ukuhambelana okugqwesileyo kunye nokuhambelana okuhle nokusingqongileyo, kwaye zibonisa iimpawu ezilungileyo zokuxuba, ukuhlamba, ukunyibilikisa, ukumanzisa, ukunyibilikisa kunye nokuzinzisa.

Ukongeza, uhlobo ngalunye lwe-surfactant eluhlaza luneempawu ezizodwa. Umzekelo,α‑ityuwa ye-sulfo fatty acid ester (MEC) ibonisa umsebenzi womphezulu kumanqanaba aphantsi kunye nobunzima‑ukumelana namanzi; i-monoalkyl phosphate inamandla abalaseleyo okukhupha igwebu kunye nokuxubha, inamandla okulwa nokunganyangeki kunye nokuqina kolusu okukhethekileyo. Izinto ezisetyenziswayo eziluhlaza eziqhelekileyo ziqukaα‑i-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester (MEC), i-alkyl polyglycoside (APG), i-glucose amide (APA), i-alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC), i-monoalkyl phosphate (MAP), kunye ne-alkyl glucose amide (MECA).

Iipropati, Usetyenziso kunye neMeko yangoku yeeNtlobo ezahlukeneyo zeGreen Surfactants

Ii-surfactants eziluhlaza zibonakaliswa yimvelaphi yendalo, ubumnene kunye nokurhawuzelelwa okuncinci. Njengee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo, zineqela le-hydrophilic kunye neqela le-hydrophobic. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants zemveli, ii-surfactants eziluhlaza zinomlinganiselo ophezulu.‑ukucoca okusebenzayo, ukuhambelana okuhle kunye nokuhambelana okulungeleyo nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokusebenza okunqwenelekayo kokuxuba, ukuhlamba, ukunyibilikisa, ukumanzisa, ukunyibilikisa kunye nokuzinzisa.

●IiAlkyl Polyglucosides(APG)

I-Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) yinto entsha‑isizukulwana sendalo‑I-surfactant eluhlaza enobuhlobo. Ayisiyonto‑i-ionic surfactant eyenziwe ngokuphendula i-glucose kwizinto eziluhlaza zendalo okanye ezihlaziyekayo ezifana nesitatshi esine-fatty alcohols. Njengencwadi entsha engeyiyo‑I-ionic surfactant, i-APG inomthamo ogqwesileyo wokwenza amagwebu, ukurhawuzelelwa okuncinci kwimizimba yabantu kunye nokubola okukulungeleyo. Ibonisa uxinzelelo oluphantsi lomphezulu, ukucoca okuhle, igwebu elityebileyo nelicolekileyo, ukuhambelana okuqinileyo, kunye nemiphumo ecacileyo yokusebenzisana nazo zonke iintlobo ze-surfactants. Ikwanayo nebanzi‑umsebenzi we-spectrum antibacterial, kulula ukuwuxuba, awubonisi ndawo yelifu okanye i-gelation, kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa kunye ne-alkali enamandla‑ukumelana netyuwa‑ukunyamezelana.

Izinto ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-APG zisetyenziswa ngomlomo‑i-glucose kunye ne-fatty alcohols ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ngenxa yokuba azikho‑inetyhefu kwaye ayisiyongozi‑Iimpawu ezicaphukisayo, i-APG isebenza endaweni ye-surfactants eqhelekileyo kwaye inamathuba amaninzi okusetyenziswa. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo zoshishino kuquka izibulali-zinambuzane, iisepha, izinto zokuthambisa, ukutya, amayeza, umlilo.‑ukulwa, amalaphu, ukushicilela kunye nokudaya, kunye nepetroleum.

●I-Alcohol Ether Sulfate (AES)

I-Alcohol ether sulfate (AES) ifunyanwa ngokususa ii-ethoxylates ze-alcohol ezinamafutha, eziveliswa yi-reaction yokongeza phakathi kwe-alcohols eziphezulu ezinamafutha kunye ne-ethylene oxide. Njengodidi olubalulekileyo lwe-anionic surfactants, i-AES inobunzima obuhle kakhulu.‑ukumelana namanzi, ukusebenza kwegwebu kunye nomgangatho ophantsi‑iimpawu zobushushu. Iyabola ngokukhawuleza, ibangela ukurhawuzelelwa kancinci kolusu, kwaye ibonisa ukuhambelana okuhle nee-enzymes. Isisombululo sayo sicacile kwaye sizinzile, kwaye i-viscosity yayo inokulungiswa ngokulula yi-electrolytes. Ke ngoko, i-AES isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zolwelo, eziphantsi‑i-phosphorus kunye ne-phosphorus‑iisepha zasimahla, kunye neemveliso zokhathalelo lomntu. Ikwayi-surfactant eluhlaza ye-anionic eTshayina. Intsha kakhulu‑Iimveliso zohlobo olufana neGuerbet alcohol sulfate (GAS), iGuerbet alcohol phosphate (GAP), iGuerbet alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (GAES) kunye neGuerbet alcohol ethoxylate phosphate (GAEP).

●I-Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)

I-MES yinto entsha‑isizukulwana se-surfactant eluhlaza. Uphando nophuhliso lwayo luthatha isiqingatha senkulungwane. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, phantse yonke into ilungile‑Iinkampani zesepha ezaziwayo zizinikele kakhulu kwi-MES kwaye ziqaphele kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo okugqwesileyo. Ivela kwizinto eziluhlaza zendalo nezihlaziyekayo, i-MES yindawo egcina ucoceko‑imveliso eluhlaza enobuhlobo enokubola kakuhle. I-MES ithambile, kwaye ukucaphuka kwayo kunye nobuthi bayo ebantwini kuphantsi kunezo ze-alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), ezithelekiswa ne-AS kunye ne-AES. Ayinabuthi bomlomo kwaye ayibonakali ngathi iyingozi.‑inetyhefu kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Isebenza kakuhle ekuhlambeni emanzini abandayo namanzi aqinileyo, kwaye ukucoca kwayo kudlula oko kwe-LAS kunye ne-AS, kwaye ineenzuzo ezibalaseleyo kumanzi aqinileyo.—ubuthathaka obukhulu be-LAS. Ine-phosphorus engcono‑iipropati ezikhululekileyo kuneLAS. ​​ILAS inengxaki yokwehla okukhulu kwe-detergent xa kungekho alkali kunye ne-sodium tripolyphosphate, ngelixa iMES ilahlekelwa kancinci kukusebenza kwayo. Ngenxa yoko iMES ifanelekile ngokukodwa ekuveliseni i-phosphorus.‑simahla / siphantsi‑i-phosphorus eco‑iisepha ezinobuhlobo. Nangona zonke ezi zinto zilungileyo, imveliso yayo yonyaka sele ifikelele kwi-20 000 iitoni. Ukukhuthazwa kwayo kwezorhwebo kuthintelwe ikakhulu ziingxaki zokwenziwa kunye nokwenziwa: umbala onzulu, ukunyibilika okulula kwe-hydrolysis kube kakubi‑ityuwa ye-disodium esepha ngexesha lokumhlopheka, ukuzinza okungekuhle kobushushu phantsi kweemeko zamanzi ze-alkaline, kunye nobunzima bokwenziwa.

●Ii-Gemini Surfactants ezinokubola

Ii-surfactants zeGemini zinezakhiwo ezikhethekileyo zeemolekyuli. Iimolekyuli ze-surfactant zeMonomeric ngokubanzi ziquke ikhonkco elinye le-hydrophobic kunye neqela elinye le-hydrophilic. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iimolekyuli ze-surfactant zeGemini zihlala zenziwe ziikhonkco ezimbini (okanye ezintathu) ze-hydrophobic, amaqela amabini e-hydrophilic kunye neqela elinye le-spacer kufutshane neendawo ze-hydrophilic. Iqela le-spacer linokuba le-hydrophilic okanye le-hydrophobic. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants ze-monomeric, ii-surfactants zeGemini zineempawu ezininzi ezibalaseleyo: umsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu, indawo ephantsi yeKrafft kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukusebenza kakuhle kokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu wamanzi, iziphumo ezinamandla zokudibana xa zidibene nee-surfactants ze-monomeric, ilayimu elungileyo.‑amandla okusasaza isepha, amandla aqinileyo okunciphisa ioyile‑uxinzelelo lwamanzi phakathi kobuso, amandla aphuculweyo okunyibilikisa ioyile, kunye nokunciphisa ukurhawuzelelwa kolusu. Ii-surfactants zeGemini zimele ezintsha ezibalaseleyo‑Iimveliso zohlobo. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko eziphezulu zemveliso zithintela uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso, kwaye zimbini kuphela iimveliso zeGemini ezikwimizi-mveliso ezikhoyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

●I-Polyepoxysuccinic Acid (PESA), i-Polyaspartic Acid (PASP)

I-Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) yi-phosphorus‑ikhululekile kwaye ine-nitrogen‑i-corrosion eluhlaza ebolayo kunye ne-scale inhibitor eyaphuhliswa okokuqala yiBetz Laboratories eMelika ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990. I-PESA ibonisa umlinganiselo ogqwesileyo‑ukuthintela ukusebenza; okwangoku, yi-phosphorus‑ikhululekile, i-nitrogen‑ikhululekile kwaye ibola lula. Isebenza kwiindawo eziphezulu‑i-alkalinity kunye nokuphakama‑iyonke‑ichithwe‑iinkqubo zamanzi aqinileyo, kwaye zingasetyenziselwa unyango lwamanzi ebhoyila, unyango lwamanzi okupholisa, unyango lwelindle, ukususwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle, ukwahlulwa kwe-membrane kunye nezinye iimeko.

Isikali sayo‑ukuthintela kunye nokugqwala‑Ukusebenza okuthintelayo kuphezulu kakhulu kune-sodium polyacrylate, i-polymaleic acid kunye ne-tartaric acid. Njengoko ineenkqubo zokuvelisa ezicocekileyo, i-PESA inokonakaliswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokuzinzileyo ziintsholongwane okanye iifungi zibe yingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo.‑iimveliso emva kokusetyenziswa, ngoko ke zithathwa njenge"okusingqongileyo‑nobubele"ikhemikhali eluhlaza. Ibe yindawo ephambili yophando nophuhliso lweearhente zokunyanga amanzi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye uphuhliso lwaphesheya kweli candelo luye lwaphucuka ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

I-asidi ye-Polyaspartic yenziwa i-polymer kwi-asidi ye-aspartic okanye i-asidi ye-maleic phantsi kwesenzo se-catalyst. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekunyangweni kwamanzi okupholisa, amanzi ebhoyila, ukukhupha ityuwa, ukubuyisela ukususwa kweswekile, i-reverse osmosis kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Ingakumbi kwioyile‑Iindawo zokumba imithombo kwimveliso yepetroleum, isebenza njengomthinteli we-calcium carbonate, i-barium sulfate kunye ne-calcium sulfate precipitation. Abaphandi bamanye amazwe bafunde ukwenziwa, ulwakhiwo kunye neempawu ze-polyaspartic acid kwaye bafumanisa ukuba isetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso. Uphando olubanzi luye lwenziwa eTshayina. Ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo okugqwesileyo kunye nomlinganiselo olungileyo‑ukuthintela ukusebenza, i-polyaspartic‑iasidi‑Iiarhente zonyango lwamanzi ezisekelwe kwi-green scale zithathwa njengezithinteli zokwenyani zesikali esiluhlaza.