Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me nā Waiwai o nā Surfactants ʻŌmaʻomaʻo

Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waihoʻopilikia nui i ke kino kanaka a me nā ʻōnaehana ola honua i ka wā o kā lākou hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. Ke hoʻohui nei i kahi nui o ka surfactant-hiki i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā detergents ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou solubility a me ka hana holoi. Eia nō naʻe, he mea ʻawahia kēia mau mea hoʻoheheʻe i kekahi ʻano a hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻili. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā surfactants e lawe mai i nā pilikia hiki i nā ʻōnaehana ola. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka biodegradability o ka sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS). ʻO kāna hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā detergents e hoʻopuka i nā huʻa nui, e alakaʻi ana i ka huʻa nui i nā ʻauwai kūlanakauhale a me nā muliwai. ʻO nā Surfactants e loaʻa ana nā phosphates e hoʻoulu ai i ka eutrophication i nā muliwai a me nā loko i ka wā e hoʻohana ai. ʻO ka sulfur dioxide a me ka sulfur trioxide i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a me ka dioxin-nā mea like i loko o ka waiʻona ethoxylate sulfate (AES)-nā huahana ʻano like ʻole, kūpaʻa i ka biodegradation a hōʻino nui i ke kaiapuni.

E hālāwai me nā kānaka'ke olakino e ulu ana-nā koi mālama a hōʻoia i ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ke kaiapuni ola kanaka, he mea nui e hoʻomohala i nā surfactants e like me ka non-ʻawahia a hoʻopōʻino ʻole i nā kānaka e like me ka hiki a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni kaiaola.

Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me nā Waiwai o nā Surfactants ʻŌmaʻomaʻo

ʻO nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo e pili ana i nā surfactants i hana ʻia mai nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​waiwai hou, me ka huhū haʻahaʻa o ke kanaka a me ka biodegradability koke. Wahi a lākou e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka wai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā ʻano like ʻole.-nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo ionic a me nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo ionic. Hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo Ionic i ka cationic, anionic a me ka amphoteric-nā ʻano ionic e pili ana i kā lākou mau mea hana ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​waiwai hou, a no laila he mau waiwai maikaʻi loa e like me ke kumu kūlohelohe, ka akahai a me ka huhū haʻahaʻa. E like me nā surfactants maʻamau, loaʻa i nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā hui hydrophilic a me nā hui hydrophobic. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants kuʻuna, hāʻawi nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ke kiʻekiʻe-ka hana holoi pono, ka launa maikaʻi loa a me ka launa maikaʻi ʻana o ke kaiapuni, a hōʻike i nā waiwai emulsifying, holoi, hoʻoheheʻe, hoʻomaʻū, hoʻoheheʻe a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.

Eia kekahi, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano surfactant ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā waiwai kūikawā. Eia kekahi laʻana,α-Hōʻike ka paʻakai ester waikawa momona sulfo (MEC) i ka hana o ka ʻili ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa a me ka paʻakikī-ke kūpaʻa wai; ka haʻaheo o ka monoalkyl phosphate i ka hana hoʻohua a me ka emulsifying maikaʻi loa, ka waiwai antistatic a me ka pili kūikawā o ka ʻili. ʻO nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau e komo pū meα-ʻO ka waikawa momona sulfo methyl ester (MEC), alkyl polyglycoside (APG), glucose amide (APA), alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC), monoalkyl phosphate (MAP), a me ka alkyl glucose amide (MECA).

Nā Waiwai, Nā Noi a me ke Kūlana o Kēia Manawa o kekahi mau ʻAno o nā Surfactants ʻŌmaʻomaʻo

ʻO nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke ʻano o ke kumu kūlohelohe, ka akahai a me ka huhū haʻahaʻa. E like me nā surfactants maʻamau, loaʻa iā lākou nā hui hydrophilic a me nā hui hydrophobic. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants kuʻuna, loaʻa i nā surfactants ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke kiʻekiʻe-ka pono o ka holoi ʻana, ka launa maikaʻi loa a me ka launa maikaʻi ʻana o ke kaiapuni, a me nā hana emulsifying, holoi, solubilizing, hoʻomaʻū, hoʻoheheʻe a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i makemake ʻia.

●Nā Alkyl Polyglucosides(APG)

ʻO Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) kahi lāʻau hou.-kaiaola hanauna-ʻoluʻolu ka surfactant ʻōmaʻomaʻo. He mea ia ʻaʻole-ʻO ka ionic surfactant i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka glucose mai nā mea maka kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā ​​mea hou e like me ka starch me nā alcohols momona. Ma ke ʻano he mea hou non-ʻO ka ionic surfactant, loaʻa iā APG ka hiki ke hoʻohua maikaʻi loa, ka huhū haʻahaʻa i nā kino kanaka a me ka biodegradability koke. Hōʻike ia i ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻili, ka detergent maikaʻi, ka huʻa momona a maikaʻi, ka hoʻohālikelike ikaika, a me nā hopena synergistic maopopo me nā ʻano surfactants āpau. Loaʻa iā ia ka laulā-hana antibacterial spectrum, maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole hōʻike i kahi ao a i ʻole ka gelation, a he kūpono hoʻi e hoʻohana me ka alkali ikaika-ke kū'ē a me ka paʻakai-hoʻomanawanui.

ʻO nā mea maka no ka hana ʻana o APG he waha-glucose papa a me nā ʻona momona. Ma muli o kona ʻole-ʻawahia a ʻaʻole-nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonāukiuki, lawelawe ʻo APG ma ke ʻano he pani no nā surfactants maʻamau a hauʻoli i nā manaʻolana noi ākea. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma nā kahua ʻoihana e like me nā pesticides intermediates, detergents, cosmetics, meaʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, ahi-ke kaua ʻana, nā lole ulana, ka paʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, a me ka ʻaila.

●ʻAila ʻEtera Sulfate (AES)

Loaʻa ka ʻalcohol ether sulfate (AES) ma o ka sulfating fatty alcohol ethoxylates, i hana ʻia ma o ka hopena hoʻohui ma waena o nā ʻalcohols momona kiʻekiʻe a me ka ethylene oxide. Ma ke ʻano he papa koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants anionic, loaʻa iā AES ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa.-ke kūpaʻa wai, ka hana huʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa-waiwai mahana. Hoʻopōʻino koke ia, hoʻokau i ka huhū iki o ka ʻili, a hōʻike i ka launa maikaʻi me nā enzymes. He moakāka a paʻa kona hopena, a hiki ke hoʻoponopono maʻalahi ʻia kona mānoanoa e nā electrolytes. No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo AES i nā mea holoi wai, haʻahaʻa-ka phosphorus a me ka phosphorus-nā mea holoi manuahi, a me nā huahana mālama pilikino. ʻO ia hoʻi ka surfactant anionic green mainstream ma Kina. ʻO ia mau mea hou-ʻO nā huahana ʻano like ʻole me Guerbet alcohol sulfate (GAS), Guerbet alcohol phosphate (GAP), Guerbet alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (GAES) a me Guerbet alcohol ethoxylate phosphate (GAEP).

●ʻO ka Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES)

He mea hou ʻo MES-ka hana ʻana i ka surfactant ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kāna noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana he hapalua kenekulia. No nā makahiki he ʻumi, kokoke i nā mea āpau maikaʻi-ua hoʻolaʻa nā ʻoihana detergent kaulana i nā hana nui iā MES a ua ʻike nui ʻia kāna hana kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa mai nā mea maka kūlohelohe a me nā mea hou, he eco ka MES-huahana ʻōmaʻomaʻo aloha me ka biodegradability maikaʻi. He akahai ka MES, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona huhū a me ka ʻawahia i ke kanaka ma mua o ka linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), e like me AS a me AES. ʻAʻohe ona ʻawahia waha a kokoke ʻaʻole-ʻawahia i nā meaola wai. Hāʻawi ia i ka hana holoi maikaʻi i ka wai anuanu a me ka wai paʻakikī, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona detergent ma mua o LAS a me AS, me nā pono koʻikoʻi i ka wai paʻakikī—he nāwaliwali nui o LAS. Loaʻa iā ia ka phosphorus maikaʻi aʻe-nā waiwai manuahi ma mua o LAS. Loaʻa iā LAS kahi hāʻule nui o ka detergent i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka alkali a me ka sodium tripolyphosphate, ʻoiai ʻo MES e ʻike iki i ka nalowale o ka hana. No laila, kūpono loa ʻo MES no ka hana ʻana i ka phosphorus-manuahi / haʻahaʻa-kaiaola phosphorus-nā mea holoi aloha. ʻOiai kēia mau pono āpau, ua lōʻihi ka lana ʻana o kāna hana makahiki maoli ma kahi o 20 000 tone. Ua kaupalena nui ʻia kāna hoʻolaha kalepa e nā pilikia hana a me ke ʻano: kala hohonu, hydrolysis maʻalahi i loko o ka maikaʻi ʻole-ka paʻakai disodium detergent i ka wā o ka hoʻokeʻokeʻo ʻana, ka paʻa wela haʻahaʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana wai alkaline, a me nā pilikia hoʻohuihui.

●Nā Surfactants Gemini Biodegradable

Loaʻa i nā surfactants Gemini nā ʻano molekala kūikawā. ʻO nā mole surfactant monomeric ma ke ʻano maʻamau he kaulahao hydrophobic hoʻokahi a me hoʻokahi hui hydrophilic. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā mole surfactant Gemini i hana pinepine ʻia me ʻelua (a ʻekolu) kaulahao hydrophobic, ʻelua mau hui hydrophilic a me hoʻokahi hui spacer kokoke i nā ʻāpana hydrophilic. Hiki i ka hui spacer ke hydrophilic a hydrophobic paha. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants monomeric, he nui nā waiwai koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants Gemini: hana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻili, haʻahaʻa ʻo Krafft point a me ka solubility wai maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ʻili o ka wai, nā hopena synergistic ikaika i ka wā i hui pū ʻia me nā surfactants monomeric, lime maikaʻi-ka hiki ke hoʻopuehu i ke kopa, ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ʻaila-ka hoʻoluhi wai, ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻaila, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka huhū o ka ʻili. Hōʻike nā surfactants Gemini i nā mea hou kupaianaha-ʻano huahana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kumukūʻai hana kiʻekiʻe e kaupalena ana i ka ʻoihana, a ʻelua wale nō huahana Gemini ʻoihana i loaʻa a hiki i kēia manawa.

●ʻAkika Polyepoxysuccinic (PESA), ʻAkika Polyaspartic (PASP)

ʻO ka waikawa Polyepoxysuccinic (PESA) kahi mea i hoʻohui ʻia me ka phosphorus.-manuahi a me ka naikokene-ʻO ka mea hoʻopale palaho ʻōmaʻomaʻo manuahi a me ka mea hoʻopale unahi i hoʻomohala mua ʻia e Betz Laboratories ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1990. Hōʻike ʻo PESA i ka unahi maikaʻi loa-ke kāohi nei i ka hana; i kēia manawa, he phosphorus ia-manuahi, naikokene-manuahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e palaho. Pili ia i nā mea kiʻekiʻe-ke alkalinity a me ke kiʻekiʻe-huina-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia-nā ʻōnaehana wai paʻa, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai paila, ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoluʻu, ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino, ka desalination wai kai, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka membrane a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe.

Kona unahi-ka pale ʻana a me ka palaho-ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hana pale ma mua o ka sodium polyacrylate, polymaleic acid a me ka tartaric acid. Me nā kaʻina hana hana maʻemaʻe, hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi ʻia ka PESA e nā microorganism a i ʻole nā ​​​​fungi i kahi hopena palekana ʻole o ke kaiapuni-nā huahana ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia he"kaiapuni-aloha"kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ua lilo ia i wahi wela no ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana no nā mea mālama wai ma ka home a ma waho, a ua holomua koke ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma waho o ka ʻāina ma kēia kahua i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.

Hoʻohuihui ʻia ka waikawa Polyaspartic mai ka waikawa aspartic a i ʻole ka waikawa maleic ma lalo o ka hana catalyst. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai no ka wai hoʻoluʻu, ka wai paila, ka desalination, ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka desugarization, ka osmosis hoʻohuli a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe. ʻOi loa i ka ʻaila-nā hale ʻeli luawai i ka hana ʻaila, hana ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa no ka calcium carbonate, barium sulfate a me ka hoʻopulapula calcium sulfate. Ua aʻo nā kānaka noiʻi haole i ka synthesis, ka hoʻonohonoho a me nā waiwai o ka polyaspartic acid a ua ʻike i kāna noi ʻoihana. Ua hana ʻia hoʻi ka noiʻi nui ma Kina. Me ka biodegradability maikaʻi loa a me ka unahi kūpono-ke kāohi nei i ka hana, polyaspartic-ʻakika-ʻO nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ka wai ua manaʻo ʻia he mau mea hoʻopaʻa unahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo maoli.