Kayan wanke-wanke na surfactants shine babban siffa tasu tare da aikace-aikacen da suka fi amfani. Yana da alaƙa da rayuwar yau da kullun ta dubban gidaje kuma ana ƙara amfani da shi a masana'antu daban-daban da kowane nau'in samar da masana'antu.
Surfactants su ne manyan sinadaran da ke aiki a cikin sabulun wanka. Sabulun wanka na roba ba zai wanzu ba tare da surfactants ba. Daga cikin dukkan nau'ikan SAA, surfactants na anionic su ne farkon da aka yi amfani da su kuma sun kasance nau'in da aka fi amfani da shi, wanda a halin yanzu ya kai sama da kashi 50% na jimlar buƙatun kasuwa. Masu surfactants na anionic za su ci gaba da riƙe matsayi mai rinjaye na tsawon lokaci a nan gaba.
I. Anionic Surfactants
Manyan nau'ikan surfactants na anionic da ake amfani da su azaman sabulu sun haɗa da gishirin fatty acid (sabulu), alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfates (AES), alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), da fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES).
1. Sabulu
Sashen da ke aiki a saman ƙwayoyin sabulu yana ɗauke da mummunan caji, wanda daga ciki gishirin sodium da potassium na kitse mai tsayi ya kai kimanin kashi 25%. A matsayin sabulun da aka fi amfani da shi, yana da wadataccen kayan aiki, shiri mai sauƙi da ƙarancin farashi. A fannin masana'antu, galibi ana samar da shi ta hanyar ƙara saponifying na kayan aiki kamar su naman sa da kitsen naman rago tare da alkali mai ƙarfi, sannan a cire gishiri da raba glycerol. Babban rashin amfanin sa shine lokacin da aka haɗu da ions na ƙarfe masu divalent da trivalent kamar Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ da Fe²⁺ a cikin ruwan da aka tace, zai samar da sabulun calcium ko sabulun magnesium tare da ƙarancin narkewa, don haka yana rasa sabulun wanke-wanke na sabulu.
2. Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (ABS)
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (R-C₆H₆-SO₃Na) muhimmin sinadarin anionic surfactant ne. Yana da kyau wajen narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma kusan an yi shi da ion. Gishirin calcium da magnesium ɗinsa suna narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa, suna ba shi kyakkyawan juriya ga ruwa mai tauri. Daga cikin alkylbenzene sulfonates, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) yana da araha, mai ƙarfi a cikin sabulun wanki, mai sauƙin lalacewa kuma mai lafiya ga muhalli. Saboda haka, har zuwa yanzu, babu wani sinadarin surfactant da ake amfani da shi azaman sabulun wanki da zai iya yin gogayya da LAS a fannin fasaha da fa'idodin tattalin arziki, wanda hakan ya sa ake yaba shi a matsayin babban tushen masana'antar sabulun wanki na roba a duk duniya. Ana amfani da shi galibi a cikin sabulun wanki na masana'antu da na gida. Kayayyakin da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate mai kyakkyawan tasirin wankewa, da sodium octadecylbenzene sulfonate wanda ke da ƙarfi a cikin jerin sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate.
3. Alpha-Olefin Sulfonates (AOS)
AOS sinadari ne mai aiki sosai a cikin sabulun wanke hannu. Ana amfani da shi galibi a cikin sabulun wanke hannu, shamfu, baho mai kumfa, sabulun wanke-wanke, masu tsaftace masana'antu da sabulun wanki.
4. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES)
A tsarin kwayoyin halittarsa, R yana wakiltar rukunin alkyl kuma R' yana wakiltar ƙungiyar methyl. Don aikin sabulu, R tare da sarƙoƙin carbon C16 da C18 suna aiki mafi kyau, yayin da R tare da sarƙoƙin carbon C14 yana ba da mafi kyawun juriya ga ruwa mai tauri. MES wani abu ne mai surfactant wanda aka samo daga mai na halitta da mai, yana da kyakkyawan aikin wankewa da ƙarfin watsa sabulun calcium. Yana da kyakkyawan jituwa da zeolite kuma ya dace da samar da sabulun wanki mara phosphorus. Ƙarfin watsa sabulun calcium ɗinsa ya fi na LAS girma, wanda ke da amfani ga samarwa da amfani da sabulun wanki na musamman da sabulun wanki na sabulu.
5. Sulfates na Barasa Mai Kitse (AS) da Sulfates na Barasa Mai Kitse (AES)
Tsarin AS gabaɗaya shine ROSO₃Na, kuma AS tare da R a matsayin C14~C16 sarƙoƙin carbon yana nuna kyakkyawan sabulu. Tsarin AES gabaɗaya shine RO(C₂H₄O)ₙSO₃Na, kuma AES tare da R a matsayin C14~C15 sarƙoƙin carbon kuma n=1–2 yana nuna kyakkyawan aikin wankewa. Dukansu AS da AES suna da kyakkyawan lalacewa ta halitta, ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na sabulu da kuma kyakkyawan sifar kumfa, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace da ƙirƙirar sabulun wanke-wanke masu kumfa. Suna dacewa da sabulun wanke-wanke masu sauƙin kulawa da sabulun ulu, kuma ana amfani da su sosai a cikin baho mai kumfa, shamfu na gashi, kayan kwalliya, sabulun wanke-wanke da hannu, sabulun wanke-wanke da kayan lambu da sabulun wanke-wanke na gida.
II.Masu Surfactants na Nonionic
Masu samar da sinadarai marasa ionic suna da kyakkyawan aikin wanke-wanke akan ƙasa mai mai da kuma ƙarfin hana sake sanya su a kan zare na roba. Suna da juriya sosai ga ruwa mai tauri da kuma electrolytes masu yawan tattarawa. Babban fa'idar polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants yana cikin daidaitawar sassan hydrophobic da hydrophilic. Ana iya daidaita adadin sassan EO don daidaitawa da nau'ikan substrates daban-daban da kuma cimma ingantaccen aikin wanke-wanke.
1.Polyoxyethylene Alcohol Eter
Tsarin gabaɗaya: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, inda R = C₁₂~C₁₈ da n ana iya daidaitawa. Wannan nau'in mahaɗin yana da aikin wankewa mai yawa, wanda aka nuna a cikin waɗannan fannoni: ƙarancin yawan micelle mai mahimmanci (cmc), wanda ke nufin ana iya kiyaye babban sabulu ko da a ƙarancin yawan danshi, ƙarfin wankewa mai ƙarfi, da juriya ga sake sanya ƙasa yayin tsaftace zaruruwan roba. Hakanan yana ba da kyakkyawan aikin wankewa mai ƙarancin zafi. Yana bayyana kamar farin zuwa rawaya mai haske a zafin ɗaki kuma yana narkewa a cikin ruwa, tare da kaddarorin emulsifying, tsaftacewa da jika. Ana amfani da shi galibi a cikin sabulun gida da na masana'antu da kuma masu tsabtace ƙarfe.
2. Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Phenol Ether
A cikin dabarar, R galibi shine octyl, nonyl da dodecyl, tare da ƙimar n mai daidaitawa. Ana siffanta shi da ƙarfin cire tabo da mai. Kayayyakin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da jerin OP, jerin OPE da jerin SOPE. Suna da kyakkyawan juriya ga acid da alkali da kuma juriya ga ruwa mai tauri, kuma suna da ayyukan tsarkakewa, jika da kuma emulsification, wanda ya dace da sarrafa ƙarfe da kuma ayyukan tsaftacewa na masana'antu.
3. Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
Ana yaba wa Alkyl polyglycoside a matsayin sabon nau'in surfactant na duniya wanda ba shi da sinadarin oxygen.
Amfanin APG:
Babban aikin haɗin fuska da ƙarancin tashin hankali na saman fuska;
Babu wurin gajimare da kuma kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali mai zafi;
Kyakkyawan aikin wankewa, ƙarfin kumfa mai ƙarfi, jika mai kyau, ƙarfin emulsifying da kwanciyar hankali na watsawa;
Ya fi dukkan nau'ikan surfactants da ake da su a yanzu kyau, dangane da rashin guba, ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi a fata da kuma lalacewar halitta.
Saboda haka, masana'antu da dama sun fi son sabulun wanke-wanke, kayan kwalliya, sarrafa abinci da kuma masana'antun magunguna. Godiya ga sauƙin wankewa da kuma rashin shara, ya dace musamman ga sabulun wanke-wanke da kuma masu wanke-wanke.
Babban yanayin amfani da APG a cikin sabulu sune kamar haka:
Sabulun Wanka da Gashi: Kayayyakin da aka ƙera da APG suna da laushi kuma ba sa ɓata wa fata rai tare da kumfa mai kyau da laushi, kuma suna iya yin tasirin hana tsufa yayin shamfu. Yawancin samfuran ruwa ne kuma ana iya yin su da sabulun sabulu.
Sabulun Wanka na Wanka: Sabulun wanke-wanke na APG yana da kyakkyawan aikin kumfa, yana da kyau ga fata kuma yana da daɗi a ji bayan amfani, kuma yana da sauƙin wankewa ba tare da barin alamun cutar ba.
Sabulun Wanki: APG da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sabulun wanki yana ba da kyakkyawan sabulun wanki. Yana iya tsaftace masaku daban-daban kamar auduga, ulu da polyester, yana cire tabon ƙasa da mai yadda ya kamata. Hakanan yana ba masaku laushi, halayen hana tsayawa da kuma juriya ga raguwa, kuma ana iya ƙera shi don sabulun wanki wanda ke kiyaye ingantaccen aikin wanki ko da a cikin ruwa mai tauri.
Tsaftace Fuskar Tauri: Bayan wanke-wanke, ana iya amfani da APG don tsaftace sauran saman da ke da tauri. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman sinadari mai aiki don shirya sabulun wanke-wanke da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin acid mai ƙarfi, kuma yana iya hana ƙarfe mai ƙarfe daga iskar shaka da lalata acid.
III. Masu Surfactants na Zwitterionic
Tsarin kwayoyin halittarsu yana ɗauke da caji mai kyau da mara kyau. Saboda tsarin kwayoyin halittarsu na musamman, suna da halaye masu zuwa a aikace: ƙarancin guba da ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi ga fata da idanu; kyakkyawan lalacewa da dacewa da halittu; kyawawan kaddarorin jika, sabulun wanki da kumfa. An rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa idan aka yi amfani da su azaman sabulun wanki.
Nau'in N-Acyl Amino Acid
Ana amfani da su galibi a matsayin kayan tushe don shamfu da abubuwan tsaftacewa, kuma suna jure wa acid mai rauni da ruwan tauri. Misalai sun haɗa da N-acyl polyamino (polypeptide) carboxylate da Remipon A (Sabulun Shafawa 613, sodium oleoylamino polypeptide carboxylate).
Ana haɗa Remipon A ne daga daskararren sinadarin acyl chloride mai kitse da polyamino acid da ake samu ta hanyar hydrolysis na furotin. Saboda haka, yana da ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi da ƙarancin guba, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen kwalliya. Remipon A yana da ƙarfi wajen wargaza sabulun lemun tsami, wanke-wanke da kuma tsarkakewa. Ana amfani da shi azaman sabulun wanki da kuma mai tsarkakewa a masana'antar yadi, kuma ya dace da wanke siliki da ulu saboda sauƙin rage mai.
Zwitterionic betaine surfactants suna ba da kyakkyawan sabulun wanki ga yadin auduga da yadin da aka haɗa da polyester/auduga, tare da hydroxysulfobetaines waɗanda ke ba da kyakkyawan aiki yayin wankewa. Misali na yau da kullun shine Lauryl Dimethyl Betaine.
Ruwa ne mai haske mara launi ko rawaya mai haske. Yana aiki azaman cationic surfactant a cikin acidic media da kuma azaman anionic surfactant a cikin alkaline media, kuma yana iya lalacewa cikin sauƙi. Yana da kyakkyawan aikin kumfa kuma yana iya laushi gashi, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da ƙera shamfu masu laushi, masu gyaran gashi da kuma shamfu na jarirai. Tare da kyakkyawan juriya ga ruwa mai tauri, ana iya amfani da shi don shirya sabulun ruwa mai tauri kuma yana aiki azaman maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-07-2026