Cov tshuaj surfactants ntxuav tau zoo yog lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb nrog rau kev siv tau zoo tshaj plaws. Nws muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub neej txhua hnub ntawm ntau txhiab tsev neeg thiab tau siv ntau ntxiv hauv ntau yam lag luam thiab txhua yam kev tsim khoom lag luam.
Cov tshuaj surfactants yog cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes. Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws yuav tsis muaj nyob yog tsis muaj cov tshuaj surfactants. Ntawm txhua hom SAA, cov tshuaj anionic surfactants yog cov uas siv thaum ntxov tshaj plaws thiab tseem yog cov khoom siv dav tshaj plaws, tam sim no suav txog ntau dua 50% ntawm tag nrho cov kev thov hauv kev ua lag luam. Cov tshuaj anionic surfactants yuav txuas ntxiv tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb rau ib lub sijhawm yav tom ntej.
I. Cov Tshuaj Anionic Surfactants
Cov hom anionic surfactants tseem ceeb uas siv los ua cov tshuaj ntxuav xws li cov ntsev fatty acid (xab npum), alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfates (AES), alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), thiab fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES).
1. Xab npum
Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes uas muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes muaj cov nqi tsis zoo, uas yog cov ntsev sodium thiab potassium ntawm cov roj fatty acids ntev txog li 25%. Vim yog hom tshuaj ntxuav tes uas siv dav tshaj plaws, nws muaj cov khoom siv ntau, yooj yim npaj thiab pheej yig. Hauv kev lag luam, feem ntau nws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov khoom siv raw xws li cov roj nyuj thiab cov roj yaj nrog cov alkali muaj zog, tom qab ntawd yog kev ntsev thiab kev sib cais ntawm glycerol. Qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws yog tias thaum ntsib cov hlau divalent thiab trivalent xws li Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ thiab Fe²⁺ hauv cov kua dej, nws yuav tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes calcium lossis magnesium uas muaj kev yaj tsawg heev, yog li ntawd poob qhov ntxuav ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes.
2. Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (ABS)
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (R-C₆H₆-SO₃Na) yog ib qho tseem ceeb anionic surfactant. Nws muaj cov solubility zoo hauv dej thiab yuav luag tag nrho ionized. Nws cov calcium thiab magnesium ntsev yog soluble heev hauv dej, ua rau nws muaj kev tiv thaiv dej tawv zoo heev. Ntawm cov alkylbenzene sulfonates, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) yog tus nqi qis, muaj zog hauv kev ntxuav, yooj yim biodegradable thiab tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, txog rau tam sim no, tsis muaj lwm yam surfactant siv ua cov khoom xyaw nquag siv los ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tuaj yeem sib tw LAS hauv kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam, ua rau nws raug hu ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj ntxuav hluavtaws thoob ntiaj teb. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv tsev. Cov khoom sawv cev suav nrog sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate nrog cov nyhuv ntxuav zoo heev, thiab sodium octadecylbenzene sulfonate uas muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate series.
3. Alpha-Olefin Sulfonates (AOS)
AOS yog ib yam khoom xyaw ua haujlwm zoo heev rau cov tshuaj ntxuav tes. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes, tshuaj zawv plaub hau, cov dej da dej ua npuas dej, cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv kev lag luam thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws.
4. Cov roj fatty acid Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES)
Hauv nws cov qauv molecular, R sawv cev rau ib pawg alkyl thiab R' sawv cev rau ib pawg methyl. Rau kev ua haujlwm ntxuav, R nrog C16 thiab C18 cov saw hlau ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws, thaum R nrog C14 cov saw hlau muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws tiv taus dej tawv. MES yog ib qho surfactant los ntawm cov roj thiab cov rog ntuj, muaj kev ua haujlwm ntxuav zoo heev thiab muaj zog calcium xab npum dispersing. Nws muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog zeolite thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws tsis muaj phosphorus. Nws lub zog calcium xab npum dispersing siab dua li ntawm LAS, uas yog qhov zoo rau kev tsim thiab siv cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws sib xyaw thiab cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws raws li xab npum.
5. Cov Tshuaj Fatty Alcohol Sulfates (AS) thiab Cov Tshuaj Fatty Alcohol Ether Sulfates (AES)
Cov mis mos ntawm AS yog ROSO₃Na, thiab AS nrog R ua C14 ~ C16 cov saw hlau ua rau muaj kev ntxuav zoo. Cov mis mos ntawm AES yog RO (C₂H₄O)ₙSO₃Na, thiab AES nrog R ua C14 ~ C15 cov saw hlau thiab n = 1–2 qhia txog kev ntxuav zoo. Ob qho tib si AS thiab AES muaj kev puas tsuaj zoo rau tsiaj txhu, muaj zog ntxuav thiab muaj cov khoom ua npuas zoo heev, ua rau lawv tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav ua npuas siab. Lawv siv tau rau cov tshuaj ntxuav yooj yim thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav plaub hau, thiab siv dav hauv cov dab da dej npuas, tshuaj zawv plaub hau, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, tshuaj ntxuav zaub thiab tshuaj ntxuav hauv tsev.
II.Cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic
Cov tshuaj surfactants uas tsis yog ionic ua rau muaj kev ntxuav zoo heev rau cov av uas muaj roj thiab muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua ntawm cov xov hluavtaws. Lawv muaj kev kam rau dej tawv thiab cov electrolytes uas muaj ntau. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants yog qhov hloov kho tau ntawm lawv cov hydrophobic thiab hydrophilic moieties. Tus naj npawb ntawm EO units tuaj yeem tswj tau kom hloov kho rau ntau yam substrates thiab ua tiav qhov ntxuav zoo tshaj plaws.
1.Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Cawv Ether
Cov mis mos dav dav: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, qhov twg R = C₁₂~C₁₈ thiab n yog hloov kho tau. Hom tshuaj no muaj cov dej num ntxuav siab, uas pom tau hauv cov hauv qab no: qhov concentration micelle qis tseem ceeb (cmc), uas txhais tau tias kev ntxuav siab tuaj yeem tswj tau txawm tias qhov concentration qis, muaj peev xwm ntxuav tau zoo, thiab tiv taus av rov qab thaum ntxuav cov xov hluavtaws. Nws kuj muab kev ua haujlwm ntxuav qis-kub zoo. Nws zoo li dawb rau daj daj ntawm chav tsev kub thiab yaj tau hauv dej, nrog rau cov khoom emulsifying, ntxuav thiab ntub. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam nrog rau cov tshuaj ntxuav hlau.
2. Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Phenol Ether
Hauv cov mis, R feem ntau yog octyl, nonyl thiab dodecyl, nrog rau tus nqi n hloov kho tau. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub peev xwm muaj zog los tshem tawm cov roj av thiab cov roj. Cov khoom lag luam ib txwm muaj xws li OP series, OPE series thiab SOPE series. Lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev rau cov kua qaub thiab alkali nrog rau kev ua kom dej tawv, thiab muaj cov haujlwm ntawm kev tshem tawm cov pa phem, kev ntub dej thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke, siv tau rau kev ua hlau thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntxuav kev lag luam.
3. Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
Alkyl polyglycoside tau raug hu ua ib qho surfactant nonionic tshiab hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm APG:
Kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev nruj ntawm qhov chaw qis heev;
Tsis muaj huab thiab ruaj khov zoo heev;
Kev ua tau zoo heev ntawm kev ntxuav, lub zog ua npuas dej muaj zog, kev ntub dej zoo, muaj peev xwm emulsifying thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev sib kis;
Zoo dua li txhua hom surfactants uas twb muaj lawm hauv kev tsis muaj tshuaj lom, tsis ua rau tawv nqaij khaus thiab biodegradability.
Yog li ntawd, nws tau txais kev nyiam los ntawm ntau lub lag luam xws li cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, tshuaj pleev ib ce, kev ua zaub mov thiab kev lag luam tshuaj. Ua tsaug rau nws yooj yim ntxuav thiab tsis muaj cov khoom seem, nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav lub raj mis.
Cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv APG hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes yog raws li nram no:
Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Da Dej thiab Plaub Hau: Cov khoom uas muaj APG ua rau mos mos thiab tsis ua rau khaus tawv nqaij nrog cov ua npuas dej nplua nuj thiab zoo, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob thaum ntxuav plaub hau. Feem ntau cov khoom yog kua thiab kuj tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov xab npum.
Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Phaj: Cov tshuaj ntxuav phaj uas siv APG muaj cov ua npuas dej zoo, zoo rau daim tawv nqaij nrog kev xis nyob tom qab siv, thiab yooj yim ntxuav yam tsis muaj qhov seem.
Cov Tshuaj Ntxuav Khaub Ncaws: APG siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws muab kev ntxuav zoo heev. Nws tuaj yeem ntxuav ntau yam ntaub xws li paj rwb, ntaub plaub thiab polyester, tshem tawm cov av thiab roj av. Nws kuj muab cov ntaub mos muag, tiv thaiv hluav taws xob thiab tiv taus kev ntsws, thiab tuaj yeem tsim ua cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws uas tswj tau kev ntxuav zoo txawm tias nyob hauv dej tawv.
Kev Ntxuav Qhov Chaw Tawv: Ntxiv rau kev ntxuav tais diav, APG tuaj yeem siv rau kev ntxuav lwm qhov chaw tawv. Nws tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom xyaw nquag los npaj cov tshuaj ntxuav uas siv tau rau hauv cov xwm txheej acid muaj zog, thiab tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov hlau ferrous los ntawm oxidation thiab acid corrosion.
III. Cov tshuaj Zwitterionic Surfactants
Lawv cov qauv molecular muaj ob qho tib si zoo thiab tsis zoo. Vim lawv cov qauv molecular tshwj xeeb, lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no thaum siv: tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis ua rau khaus rau daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag; biodegradability zoo heev thiab sib xws; zoo ntub, ntxuav thiab ua npuas dej. Lawv raug faib ua cov hom hauv qab no thaum siv ua cov tshuaj ntxuav.
Hom N-Acyl Amino Acid
Lawv feem ntau yog siv ua cov khoom siv rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav, thiab tiv taus cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog thiab dej tawv. Piv txwv li suav nrog N-acyl polyamino (polypeptide) carboxylate thiab Remipon A (Detergent 613, sodium oleoylamino polypeptide carboxylate).
Remipon A yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov rog acyl chloride thiab polyamino acids uas tau los ntawm kev hydrolysis protein. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis ua rau khaus thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom, ua rau nws haum rau kev siv rau hauv kev pleev kom zoo nkauj. Remipon A muaj zog heev rau kev sib kis cov xab npum, ntxuav thiab ua kom cov tshuaj emulsifying. Nws yog siv los ua tshuaj ntxuav thiab emulsifier hauv kev lag luam textile, thiab zoo tagnrho rau kev ntxuav cov ntaub txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab ntaub plaub vim nws muaj peev xwm tshem cov roj me me.
Cov tshuaj Zwitterionic betaine surfactants muab cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo heev rau cov ntaub paj rwb thiab cov ntaub polyester/paj rwb sib xyaw, nrog rau hydroxysulfobetaines muab kev ua tau zoo tshwj xeeb thaum ntxuav. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog Lauryl Dimethyl Betaine.
Nws yog ib yam kua tsis muaj xim los yog daj ntseg. Nws ua haujlwm ua ib qho cationic surfactant hauv cov kua qaub thiab ua ib qho anionic surfactant hauv cov kua alkaline, thiab yooj yim lwj. Nws muaj kev ua npuas dej zoo heev thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov plaub hau mos, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau mos mos, cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau rau menyuam yaus. Nrog rau kev tiv thaiv dej tawv zoo, nws tuaj yeem siv los npaj cov tshuaj ntxuav dej tawv thiab tseem ua haujlwm ua cov kab mob.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Tsib Hlis-07-2026