ʻO ka waiwai holoi o nā surfactants ko lākou ʻano kumu me nā noi kūpono loa. He pili loa ia i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā o nā tausani o nā hale a ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nei i nā ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana ʻoihana āpau.
ʻO nā Surfactants nā mea hana nui o nā detergents. ʻAʻole e ola nā detergents synthetic me ka ʻole o nā surfactants. Ma waena o nā ʻano SAA āpau, ʻo nā surfactants anionic ka mea mua i hoʻohana ʻia a noho mau i ka māhele i hoʻohana nui ʻia, i kēia manawa e helu ana ma mua o 50% o ka nui o ke koi mākeke. E hoʻomau nā surfactants anionic i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi no kekahi manawa i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
I. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā surfactants anionic i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā detergents e komo pū me nā paʻakai waikawa momona (nā kopa), alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfates (AES), alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), a me ka fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES).
1. Kopa
ʻO ka ʻāpana hana o ka ʻili o nā molekala kopa e lawe ana i kahi uku maikaʻi ʻole, ma waena o ia mau mea he 25% ka nui o nā paʻakai sodium a me ka potassium o nā waikawa momona kaulahao lōʻihi. Ma ke ʻano he ʻano kopa i hoʻohana nui ʻia, he nui nā mea maka, hoʻomākaukau maʻalahi a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. Ma ke ʻano ʻoihana, hana pinepine ʻia ia ma o ka saponifying i nā mea maka e like me ka tallow pipi a me ka momona hipa me ka alkali ikaika, a ukali ʻia e ka paʻakai ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka glycerol. ʻO kona hemahema nui loa, ʻo ia ka wā e hālāwai ai me nā ion metala divalent a me trivalent e like me Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ a me Fe²⁺ i loko o ka hopena wai, e hana ia i ke kopa calcium a i ʻole ke kopa magnesium me ka solubility haʻahaʻa loa, a laila e nalowale ana ka detergent kūlohelohe o ke kopa.
2. Nā Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (ABS)
ʻO ka Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (R-C₆H₆-SO₃Na) kahi surfactant anionic koʻikoʻi. Loaʻa iā ia ka solubility maikaʻi i ka wai a kokoke i ka ionized loa. He mea hoʻoheheʻe nui ʻia kona mau paʻakai calcium a me ka magnesium i ka wai, e hāʻawi ana iā ia me ke kūpaʻa wai paʻakikī maikaʻi loa. Ma waena o nā alkylbenzene sulfonates, ʻo ka linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) he haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai, ikaika i ka detergent, maʻalahi ke biodegradable a pili i ke kaiapuni. No laila, a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe surfactant ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hana detergent hiki ke hoʻokūkū me LAS i ka hana loea a me nā pono waiwai, e hoʻolilo ana iā ia i mea nui o ka ʻoihana detergent synthetic ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā detergents ʻoihana a me nā hale. ʻO nā huahana hōʻike e pili ana i ka sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate me ka hopena holoi maikaʻi loa, a me ka sodium octadecylbenzene sulfonate e haʻaheo ana i ka detergent ikaika loa i ka moʻo sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate.
3. Alpha-Olefin Sulfonates (AOS)
He mea hana nui ka AOS no ka holoi lima. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe lima, nā shampoos, nā ʻauʻau pehu, nā mea holoi kīʻaha, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻoihana a me nā mea holoi lole.
4. Nā Methyl Ester Sulfonates ʻAkika Momona (MES)
Ma kona ʻano molekala, hōʻike ʻo R i kahi hui alkyl a hōʻike ʻo R' i kahi hui methyl. No ka hana holoi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o R me nā kaulahao kalapona C16 a me C18, ʻoiai ʻo R me ke kaulahao kalapona C14 e hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa wai paʻakikī maikaʻi loa. ʻO MES kahi surfactant i loaʻa mai nā aila a me nā momona kūlohelohe, nona ka hana holoi maikaʻi loa a me ka mana hoʻopuehu kopa calcium ikaika. Loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻohālikelike kupaianaha me ka zeolite a kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā mea holoi lole ʻaʻohe phosphorus. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona mana hoʻopuehu kopa calcium ma mua o ko LAS, kahi mea e kūpono ai i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kopa hui a me nā mea holoi lole e pili ana i ke kopa.
5. Nā Sulfates Waiʻona Momona (AS) a me nā Sulfates Waiʻona Momona Ether (AES)
ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o AS ʻo ROSO₃Na, a ʻo AS me R ma ke ʻano he kaulahao kalapona C14~C16 e hōʻike ana i ka holoi maikaʻi. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o AES ʻo RO(C₂H₄O)ₙSO₃Na, a ʻo AES me R ma ke ʻano he kaulahao kalapona C14~C15 a me n=1–2 e hōʻike ana i ka hana holoi maikaʻi. Loaʻa iā AS a me AES ka biodegradability maikaʻi, ka holoi ikaika a me ka waiwai huʻa maikaʻi loa, e kūpono ai no ka hana ʻana i nā mea holoi huʻa kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā mea holoi maʻalahi a me nā mea holoi huluhulu, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i loko o nā ʻauʻau pehu, nā shampoos lauoho, nā mea hoʻonani, nā mea holoi lima kīʻaha, nā mea holoi mea kanu a me nā mea holoi hale.
Hōʻike nā surfactants Nonionic i ka detergent maikaʻi loa e kūʻē i nā lepo ʻaila a me ka hiki ke pale i ka hoʻopili hou ʻana ma nā olonā synthetic. Loaʻa iā lākou ke ahonui kiʻekiʻe i ka wai paʻakikī a me nā electrolytes kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi o nā polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactants aia i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i kā lākou mau ʻāpana hydrophobic a me hydrophilic. Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka helu o nā ʻāpana EO e hoʻololi i nā substrates like ʻole a hoʻokō i ka detegency kūpono.
1.ʻEtera o ka Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Alcohol
ʻO ke ʻano laulā: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, kahi R = C₁₂~C₁₈ a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ʻo n. Loaʻa i kēia ʻano hui ka hana holoi kiʻekiʻe, i hōʻike ʻia ma nā ʻano aʻe: kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka micelle koʻikoʻi (cmc), ʻo ia hoʻi hiki ke mālama ʻia ka detergent kiʻekiʻe ʻoiai ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka hiki ke holoi ikaika, a me ke kūpaʻa hou ʻana o ka lepo i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i nā olonā synthetic. Hāʻawi pū ia i ka hana holoi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maikaʻi. ʻIke ʻia ia he ʻano keʻokeʻo a melemele māmā i ka mahana o ka lumi a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, me nā waiwai emulsifying, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka pulu. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā detergents home a me nā ʻoihana a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe metala.
2. Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Phenol Ether
I loko o ke ʻano hana, ʻo R ka octyl, nonyl a me dodecyl nui, me ka waiwai n hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia ia e ka hiki ke wehe i nā ʻōpala aila a me ka momona. ʻO nā huahana maʻamau e komo pū me nā moʻo OP, nā moʻo OPE a me nā moʻo SOPE. Loaʻa iā lākou ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka waikawa a me ka alkali a me ka hoʻomanawanui i ka wai paʻakikī, a he mau hana o ka decontamination, ka hoʻomaʻū ʻana a me ka emulsification, e pili ana i ka hana metala a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻoihana.
3. Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ʻo Alkyl polyglycoside ʻo ia kekahi o nā surfactant nonionic hou o ka honua.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi o APG:
Hana interfacial kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻilikai haʻahaʻa loa;
ʻAʻohe kiko ao a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe maikaʻi loa;
Hana holoi maikaʻi loa, mana hoʻohua ikaika, pulu maikaʻi, hiki ke emulsifying a me ke kūpaʻa hoʻopuehu;
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻano surfactants āpau i loaʻa ma ke ʻano o ka ʻawahia ʻole, ka huhū haʻahaʻa o ka ʻili a me ka biodegradability.
No laila, makemake nui ʻia e nā ʻoihana he nui e like me ka detergent, nā mea hoʻonani, ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau. Mahalo i kona maʻalahi o ka holoi ʻana a me nā ʻano ʻaʻohe koena, kūpono loa ia no nā detergents holoi kīʻaha a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻōmole.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o APG i nā detergents penei:
Nā mea holoi ʻauʻau a me ka lauoho: ʻO nā huahana i hana ʻia me APG he palupalu a ʻaʻole hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻili me ka huʻa momona a maikaʻi, a hiki ke hoʻopuka i kahi hopena antistatic i ka wā e shampoo ai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huahana he wai a hiki ke hana ʻia i mau kopa.
Nā Holoi Kīʻaha: Loaʻa i nā holoi kīʻaha APG ka hana huʻa maikaʻi, he aloha i ka ʻili me ka ʻoluʻolu o ka lima ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a maʻalahi hoʻi e holoi me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i nā koena.
Nā Holoi Holoi: Hāʻawi ka APG i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā holoi lole i ka holoi maikaʻi loa. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā lole like ʻole e like me ka pulupulu, ka hulu hipa a me ka polyester, e wehe pono ana i nā ʻōpala lepo a me ka ʻaila. Hāʻawi pū ia i nā lole me ka palupalu, ka waiwai antistatic a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka shrinkage, a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā holoi lole e mālama i ka hana holoi maikaʻi loa ʻoiai i ka wai paʻakikī.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻIli Paʻakikī: Ma waho aʻe o ka holoi kīʻaha, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo APG no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ʻili paʻakikī ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hana e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā mea holoi e pili ana ma lalo o nā kūlana waikawa ikaika, a hiki ke pale i nā metala ferrous mai ka oxidation a me ka acid corrosion.
III. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Zwitterionic
Loaʻa i ko lākou ʻano molekala nā uku maikaʻi a me nā uku maikaʻi ʻole. Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano molekala kūikawā, loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻano penei i ka hoʻohana ʻana: haʻahaʻa ka ʻawahia a haʻahaʻa ka huhū i ka ʻili a me nā maka; biodegradability maikaʻi loa a me ka hoʻohālikelike; maikaʻi ka pulu ʻana, ka holoi ʻana a me nā waiwai huʻa. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i loko o kēia mau ʻano i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai he mau mea holoi.
ʻAno ʻAkika Amino N-Acyl
Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he mea kumu no nā shampoos a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a kūpaʻa i nā waikawa nāwaliwali a me ka wai paʻakikī. ʻO nā laʻana e komo pū me N-acyl polyamino (polypeptide) carboxylate a me Remipon A (Detergent 613, sodium oleoylamino polypeptide carboxylate).
Hoʻohuihui ʻia ʻo Remipon A mai ka condensation o ka fatty acyl chloride a me nā polyamino acids i loaʻa ma o ka protein hydrolysis. No laila, he haʻahaʻa ka huhū a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻawahia, e kūpono ai no nā noi hoʻonani. Hōʻike ʻo Remipon A i ka mana hoʻolaha kopa lime ikaika, ka detergent a me ka mana emulsifying. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he detergent a me ka emulsifier i ka ʻoihana lole, a kūpono hoʻi no ka holoi ʻana i ka silika a me ka hulu hipa ma muli o kona hiki ke hoʻohemo momona iki.
Hāʻawi nā Zwitterionic betaine surfactants i ka detergent maikaʻi loa no nā lole pulupulu a me nā lole i hui pū ʻia me ka polyester/pulupulu, me nā hydroxysulfobetaines e hāʻawi ana i ka hana maikaʻi loa i ka wā holoi. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau ʻo Lauryl Dimethyl Betaine.
He wai aniani ʻole a melemele paha ia. Hana ia ma ke ʻano he surfactant cationic i loko o nā media acidic a ma ke ʻano he surfactant anionic i loko o nā media alkaline, a maʻalahi hoʻi e palaho. Loaʻa iā ia ka hana hoʻohua maikaʻi loa a hiki ke palupalu i ka lauoho, e kūpono ai no ka hana ʻana i nā shampoos palupalu, hoʻomaʻamaʻa lauoho a me nā shampoos pēpē. Me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi o ka wai paʻakikī, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i nā mea holoi wai paʻakikī a lawelawe pū kekahi ma ke ʻano he bactericide.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-07-2026