Ipropati yokuhlamba ye-surfactants luphawu lwazo oluphambili kunye nezicelo ezisebenzayo. Inxulumene kakhulu nobomi bemihla ngemihla bamawaka emizi kwaye isetyenziswa ngakumbi kumashishini ahlukeneyo nakwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemveliso yemizi-mveliso.
Ii-surfactants zezona zithako ziphambili ezisebenzayo kwiisepha. Iisepha zokwenziwa bezingenakubakho ngaphandle kwee-surfactants. Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo ze-SAA, ii-surfactants ze-anionic bezizezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zihlala ziludidi olusetyenziswa kakhulu, okwangoku zingaphezulu kwe-50% yemfuno iyonke yemarike. Ii-surfactants ze-anionic ziya kuqhubeka nokubamba isikhundla esiphezulu kangangexesha elithile kwixesha elizayo.
I. Ii-Anionic Surfactants
Iintlobo eziphambili ze-anionic surfactants ezisetyenziswa njenge-detergents ziquka ii-fatty acid salts (isepha), i-alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), i-fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfates (AES), i-alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), kunye ne-fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES).
1. Isepha
Inxalenye esebenzayo kumphezulu weemolekyuli zesepha ine-charge engalunganga, phakathi kwayo i-sodium kunye ne-potassium salts ze-long-chain fatty acids zithatha malunga ne-25%. Njengohlobo lwesepha olusetyenziswa kakhulu, lunezinto ezininzi ezikrwada, ukulungiswa okulula kunye nexabiso eliphantsi. Kwimizi-mveliso, idla ngokuveliswa ngokufaka izinto ezikrwada ezifana ne-beef tallow kunye namafutha e-mutton nge-alkali enamandla, kulandele ukukhupha ityuwa kunye nokwahlula i-glycerol. Ingxaki yayo enkulu kukuba xa idibana nee-ion zesinyithi ze-divalent kunye ne-trivalent ezifana ne-Ca²⁺, i-Mg²⁺ kunye ne-Fe²⁺ kwisisombululo samanzi, iya kwenza isepha ye-calcium okanye isepha ye-magnesium enokunyibilika okuphantsi kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela ilahlekelwa kukunganyibiliki kwesepha.
2. I-Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (ABS)
I-Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (R-C₆H₆-SO₃Na) yi-anionic surfactant ebalulekileyo. Inyibilika kakuhle emanzini kwaye phantse inyibilikiswe ngokupheleleyo. Iityuwa zayo ze-calcium kunye ne-magnesium zinyibilika kakhulu emanzini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ikwazi ukumelana namanzi aqinileyo. Phakathi kwe-alkylbenzene sulfonates, i-linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) inexabiso eliphantsi, inamandla ekucoceni, ibola lula kwaye inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho nanye i-surfactant esetyenziswa njengesithako esisebenzayo sesepha enokuthelekiswa ne-LAS ekusebenzeni kobugcisa kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho, nto leyo eyenza ukuba idunyiswe njengeyona nto iphambili kushishino lwesepha yokwenziwa kwihlabathi liphela. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zemizi-mveliso nezasekhaya. Iimveliso ezimeleyo ziquka i-sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate enefuthe elihle lokuhlamba, kunye ne-sodium octadecylbenzene sulfonate ene-sodium octadecylbenzene sulfonate ene-sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate enamandla kakhulu kuthotho lwe-sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate.
3. Alpha-Olefin Sulfonates (AOS)
I-AOS sisithako esisebenzayo sesepha esisebenza kakuhle. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisanitizer zezandla, iishampu, iibhafu zamaqamza, iisepha zokuhlamba izitya, iiarhente zokucoca kwimizi-mveliso kunye neesepha zokuhlamba impahla.
4. I-Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES)
Kwisakhiwo sayo semolekyuli, i-R imele iqela le-alkyl kwaye i-R' imele iqela le-methyl. Kwindlela yokusebenza kwe-detergent, i-R ene-C16 kunye ne-C18 carbon chain isebenza kakuhle, ngelixa i-R ene-C14 carbon chain inika ukumelana okufanelekileyo kwamanzi aqinileyo. I-MES yi-surfactant ephuma kwiioyile zendalo kunye namafutha, inamandla okuhlamba agqwesileyo kunye namandla aqinileyo okusasaza isepha ye-calcium. Ihambelana kakuhle ne-zeolite kwaye ifanelekile kwimveliso yeesepha zokuhlamba ezingena-phosphorus. Amandla ayo okusasaza isepha ye-calcium aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo e-LAS, afanelekileyo kwimveliso nasekusetyenzisweni kwesepha edibeneyo kunye neesepha zokuhlamba ezisekwe kwisepha.
5. Ii-Fatty Alcohol Sulfates (AS) kunye nee-Fatty Alcohol Ether Sulfates (AES)
Ifomyula eqhelekileyo ye-AS yi-ROSO₃Na, kwaye i-AS ene-R njenge-C14~C16 imixokelelwane yekhabhoni ibonisa ukucoca okuhle. Ifomyula eqhelekileyo ye-AES yi-RO(C₂H₄O)ₙSO₃Na, kunye ne-AES ene-R njenge-C14~C15 imixokelelwane yekhabhoni kunye ne-n=1–2 ibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhlamba. Zombini i-AS kunye ne-AES zibonisa ukubola kakuhle, ukucoca okunamandla kunye neempawu ezintle zokukhupha amagwebu, okwenza zifaneleke ukwenza izicoci ezine-foam ephezulu. Zisebenza kwiisepha ezilula ukuzinyamekela kunye nezicoci zoboya, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiibhafu zamaqamza, iishampu zeenwele, izinto zokuthambisa, izicoci zokuhlamba izitya ngesandla, izicoci zemifuno kunye nezicoci zasekhaya.
II.Ii-Surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic
Ii-surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic zibonisa ukucoca okugqwesileyo kwimihlaba enamafutha kunye nokukwazi okukhulu ukuthintela ukuphinda kubekwe kwiifayibha zokwenziwa. Zinokunyamezela okuphezulu kwamanzi aqinileyo kunye nee-electrolytes ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Eyona nzuzo iphambili yee-surfactants ezingezizo ii-polyoxyethylene ikukulungelelaniswa kwezinto zazo ezihlala emanzini kunye nezihlala emanzini. Inani leeyunithi ze-EO linokulawulwa ukuze lizivumelanise neentlobo ngeentlobo ze-substrates kwaye lifumane ukucoca okufanelekileyo.
1.I-Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Alcohol Ether
Ifomula eqhelekileyo: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, apho i-R = C₁₂~C₁₈ kunye ne-n zihlengahlengiswayo. Olu hlobo lwekhompawundi lunemisebenzi ephezulu yokuhlamba, ebonakaliswa kwezi zinto zilandelayo: uxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-micelle (cmc), oko kuthetha ukuba ukucoca okuphezulu kunokugcinwa nokuba kumanqanaba aphantsi, amandla okuhlamba anamandla, kunye nokumelana nokutshintsha komhlaba xa kucocwa iifayibha ezenziweyo. Ikwabonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kokuhlamba kubushushu obuphantsi. Ibonakala njengentlama emhlophe ukuya kwephuzi ekhanyayo kubushushu begumbi kwaye iyanyibilika emanzini, ineempawu zokuxubha, zokucoca kunye nokumanzisa. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zasekhaya nakwimizi-mveliso kunye nezicoci zesinyithi.
2. I-Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Phenol Ether
Kwifomyula, i-R ikakhulu yi-octyl, i-nonyl kunye ne-dodecyl, enexabiso elihlengahlengiswayo le-n. Ibonakaliswa kukukwazi kwayo ukususa amabala eoyile kunye namafutha. Iimveliso eziqhelekileyo ziquka uthotho lwe-OP, uthotho lwe-OPE kunye nothotho lwe-SOPE. Zineempawu ezibalaseleyo zokumelana ne-asidi kunye ne-alkali kunye nokunyamezelana namanzi aqinileyo, kwaye zinemisebenzi yokucoca, ukumanzisa kunye ne-emulsification, esebenza kwiiarhente zokucoca isinyithi kunye nemizi-mveliso.
3. I-Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
I-Alkyl polyglycoside idunyiswa njenge-surfactant entsha engeyiyo ionic ekumgangatho wehlabathi.
Iingenelo ze-APG:
Umsebenzi ophezulu wokunxibelelana kobuso kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi kakhulu lomphezulu;
Akukho ndawo ilifu kunye nozinzo oluhle kakhulu lobushushu obuphezulu;
Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhlamba, amandla aqinileyo okufutha, ukumanzisa kakuhle, amandla okuxuba kunye nozinzo lokusasazeka;
Ingcono kunezinye iintlobo ezikhoyo ze-surfactants ngokubhekiselele ekungatyisi, ukucaphuka kancinci kwesikhumba kunye nokubola kwe-biodegradable.
Kungoko ke, ithandwa kakhulu ngamashishini amaninzi kuquka isepha, izinto zokuthambisa, ukucubungula ukutya kunye namashishini amayeza. Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezilula zokuhlamba kunye nokungabi nantsalela, ifanelekile ngakumbi kwiisepha zokuhlamba izitya kunye nezicoci zeebhotile.
Iimeko eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwe-APG kwiisepha zezi zilandelayo:
Izicoci Zokuhlamba Neenwele: Iimveliso ezenziwe nge-APG zithambile kwaye azicaphukisi ulusu nge-foam etyebileyo necolekileyo, kwaye zinokuba nefuthe lokulwa nokuqina kwesikhumba ngexesha lokuhlamba ishampu. Uninzi lweemveliso lulwelo kwaye lunokwenziwa zibe ziibhari zesepha.
Iisepha zokuhlamba izitya: Iisepha zokuhlamba izitya ezisekwe kwi-APG zisebenza kakuhle ekukhupheni amagwebu, zilungele ulusu kwaye zivakala kamnandi emva kokusetyenziswa, kwaye kulula ukuzihlamba ngaphandle kokushiya amabala.
Izicoci Zokuhlamba Impahla: I-APG esetyenziswa kwiisepha zokuhlamba impahla ibonelela ngokucoca okugqwesileyo. Ingacoca amalaphu ahlukeneyo afana nomqhaphu, uboya kunye ne-polyester, isuse ngempumelelo amabala omhlaba kunye neoyile. Ikwanika amalaphu ukuthamba, ipropati yokulwa nokunganyakazi kunye nokumelana nokushwabana, kwaye inokwenziwa ibe ziisepha zokuhlamba impahla ezigcina ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhlamba nokuba kumanzi aqinileyo.
Ukucocwa koMphezulu oQoqileyo: Ngaphandle kokuhlamba izitya, i-APG ingasetyenziselwa ukucoca ezinye iindawo eziqinileyo. Ingasetyenziswa njengesithako esisebenzayo ukulungiselela isepha esebenzayo phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi enamandla, kwaye inokuthintela iintsimbi ze-ferrous kwi-oxidation kunye nokubola kwe-asidi.
III. Ii-Surfactants zeZwitterionic
Ulwakhiwo lwazo lweemolekyuli lunezityholo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esikhethekileyo semolekyuli, zineempawu ezilandelayo xa zisetyenziswa: ubuthi obuphantsi kunye nokurhawuzelelwa okuncinci kulusu namehlo; ukubola kakuhle kunye nokuhambelana kakuhle; ukumanzisa kakuhle, ukucoca kunye neempawu zokukhupha amagwebu. Zihlulwe ngokwezi ntlobo zilandelayo xa zisetyenziswa njengeesepha.
Uhlobo lwe-N-Acyl Amino Acid
Zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezinto ezisisiseko zeeshampu kunye neearhente zokucoca, kwaye ziyamelana nee-asidi ezibuthathaka kunye namanzi aqinileyo. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-N-acyl polyamino (polypeptide) carboxylate kunye neRemipon A (Detergent 613, sodium oleoylamino polypeptide carboxylate).
I-Remipon A yenziwe ngokuxinana kwamafutha e-acyl chloride kunye nee-polyamino acids ezifunyenwe yi-protein hydrolysis. Ngenxa yoko ayinakurhawuzelelwa kakhulu kwaye inetyhefu encinci, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke ukusetyenziswa kwezithambiso. I-Remipon A inamandla amakhulu okusasaza isepha yelayisi, ukucoca kunye namandla okuxuba. Isetyenziswa njengesicoci kunye ne-emulsifier kwishishini lempahla, kwaye ifanelekile ukuhlamba isilika kunye noboya ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukususa amafutha kancinci.
Ii-surfactants ze-Zwitterionic betaine zibonelela ngokucoca okugqwesileyo kwilaphu lekotoni kunye nelaphu elixutywe yi-polyester/cotton, kunye ne-hydroxysulfobetaines enika ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu ngexesha lokuhlamba. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yiLauryl Dimethyl Betaine.
Lulwelo olungenambala okanye olumthubi okhanyayo nolucacileyo. Lusebenza njenge-cationic surfactant kwi-acidic media kunye ne-anionic surfactant kwi-alkaline media, kwaye lubola ngokulula. Lusebenza kakuhle ekuthambiseni iinwele kwaye lunokuthambisa iinwele, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zilungele ukwenza iishampoos ezithambileyo nezilungisa iinwele kunye neeshampoos zeentsana. Ngokumelana kakuhle namanzi aqinileyo, lungasetyenziselwa ukulungisa izicoci zamanzi aqinileyo kwaye lukwasebenza njenge-bactericide.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-07-2026