Kapangidwe ka kutsuka kwa ma surfactants ndiye kamene kamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake ka tsiku ndi tsiku m'mabanja ambiri ndipo kakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana komanso m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kwambiri mu sopo. Zosakaniza zopangidwa sizikanakhalapo popanda zosakaniza zogwira ntchito. Pakati pa mitundu yonse ya SAA, zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zogwiritsa ntchito anionic zinali zoyambirira kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zikadali gulu logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, pakadali pano zikuyimira zoposa 50% ya zomwe msika ukufuna. Zosakaniza zogwira ntchito zogwiritsa ntchito anionic zipitiliza kukhala ndi udindo waukulu kwa nthawi yayitali mtsogolomu.
I. Ma Surfactants a Anionic
Mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma surfactants anionic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotsukira ndi monga mafuta acid salt (sopo), alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), fatty alcohol sulfates (AS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfates (AES), alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (AEC), ndi fatty acid methyl ester sulfonates (MES).
1. Sopo
Gawo la sopo lomwe limagwira ntchito pamwamba pake limakhala ndi mphamvu yoipa, yomwe mchere wa sodium ndi potaziyamu wa ma asidi amafuta a unyolo wautali umapanga pafupifupi 25%. Monga mtundu wa sopo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, uli ndi zinthu zambiri zopangira, kukonzekera kosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika. M'mafakitale, nthawi zambiri umapangidwa posakaniza zinthu zopangira monga mafuta a ng'ombe ndi mafuta a nkhosa ndi alkali wamphamvu, kutsatiridwa ndi mchere ndikulekanitsa glycerol. Vuto lake lalikulu ndilakuti mukakumana ndi ma ayoni achitsulo a divalent ndi trivalent monga Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ ndi Fe²⁺ mu yankho lamadzi, amapanga sopo wa calcium kapena sopo wa magnesium wokhala ndi kusungunuka kochepa kwambiri, motero kutaya madzi ofunikira a sopo.
2. Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (ABS)
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate (R-C₆H₆-SO₃Na) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha anionic surfactant. Chimasungunuka bwino m'madzi ndipo chimakhala pafupifupi ionized kwathunthu. Mchere wake wa calcium ndi magnesium umasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale cholimba kwambiri. Pakati pa alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) ndi yotsika mtengo, yamphamvu kwambiri pochotsa poizoni, imatha kuwonongeka mosavuta komanso yoteteza chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, mpaka pano, palibe chinthu china chilichonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo chomwe chingafanane ndi LAS pakugwira ntchito kwaukadaulo komanso phindu lazachuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti idziwike ngati chinthu chachikulu kwambiri pamakampani opanga sopo padziko lonse lapansi. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo zamakampani ndi zapakhomo. Zinthu zina zimaphatikizapo sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate yokhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yotsuka, ndi sodium octadecylbenzene sulfonate yomwe ili ndi sopo wamphamvu kwambiri mu sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate series.
3. Alpha-Olefin Sulfonates (AOS)
AOS ndi chotsukira chapamwamba kwambiri. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu zotsukira m'manja, shampu, malo osambiramo thovu, sopo wotsukira mbale, zotsukira m'mafakitale, ndi sopo wochapira zovala.
4. Mafuta a Acid Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES)
Mu kapangidwe kake ka molekyulu, R imayimira gulu la alkyl ndipo R' imayimira gulu la methyl. Pa ntchito yochotsa poizoni, R yokhala ndi unyolo wa kaboni wa C16 ndi C18 imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, pomwe R yokhala ndi unyolo wa kaboni wa C14 imapereka kukana bwino madzi olimba. MES ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi surfactant chochokera ku mafuta ndi mafuta achilengedwe, chokhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yotsuka komanso mphamvu yamphamvu yotulutsa sopo wa calcium. Imagwirizana bwino ndi zeolite ndipo ndi yoyenera kupanga sopo wochapira wopanda phosphorous. Mphamvu yake yotulutsa sopo wa calcium ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ya LAS, yomwe imathandiza kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sopo wophatikizika ndi sopo wochapira.
5. Mafuta Okhala ndi Alcohol Sulfates (AS) ndi Mafuta Okhala ndi Ether Sulfates (AES)
Fomula yonse ya AS ndi ROSO₃Na, ndipo AS yokhala ndi unyolo wa kaboni wa R monga C14~C16 imawonetsa detergent yabwino. Fomula yonse ya AES ndi RO(C₂H₄O)ₙSO₃Na, ndipo AES yokhala ndi unyolo wa kaboni wa R monga C14~C15 ndi n=1–2 ikuwonetsa magwiridwe antchito abwino ochapira. AS ndi AES zonse zimakhala ndi mphamvu yotha kuwononga zinthu, detergent yamphamvu komanso mphamvu yabwino yotulutsa thovu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kupanga sopo wothira thovu wambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa sopo wothira thovu wosavuta kusamalira komanso sopo wothira thovu, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osambira otumphukira, ma shampu atsitsi, zodzoladzola, sopo wotsukira mbale m'manja, sopo wothira masamba ndi sopo wothira m'nyumba.
II.Mankhwala Osagwiritsa Ntchito Ma Surfactants
Ma surfactants a nonionic ali ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yoteteza dothi lamafuta komanso amatha kuletsa kufalikira kwa ulusi wopangidwa. Amatha kupirira kwambiri madzi olimba ndi ma electrolyte okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Ubwino waukulu wa ma surfactants a polyoxyethylene nonionic uli mu kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zawo zosagwirizana ndi madzi komanso zokonda madzi. Chiwerengero cha mayunitsi a EO chikhoza kulamulidwa kuti chigwirizane ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndikupeza njira yabwino kwambiri yotetezera.
1.Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Alcohol Ether
Fomula yonse: RO(C₂H₄O)ₙH, pomwe R = C₁₂~C₁₈ ndi n zimasinthika. Mtundu uwu wa chosakaniza uli ndi ntchito yotsuka kwambiri, yomwe imawonekera m'mbali izi: kuchuluka kochepa kwa micelle (cmc), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti detergent yayikulu imatha kusungidwa ngakhale pamlingo wochepa, mphamvu yotsuka yamphamvu, komanso kukana kuyikanso dothi poyeretsa ulusi wopangidwa. Imaperekanso ntchito yabwino yotsuka kutentha kochepa. Imawoneka ngati phala loyera mpaka lachikasu kutentha kwa chipinda ndipo imasungunuka m'madzi, yokhala ndi mphamvu zosungunulira, zotsukira ndi zonyowetsa. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu sopo wapakhomo ndi wamafakitale komanso zotsukira zitsulo.
2. Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Phenol Ether
Mu fomula, R makamaka ndi octyl, nonyl ndi dodecyl, yokhala ndi n yosinthika. Imadziwika ndi mphamvu yayikulu yochotsa madontho a mafuta ndi mafuta. Zogulitsa wamba zimaphatikizapo mndandanda wa OP, mndandanda wa OPE ndi mndandanda wa SOPE. Zili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa asidi ndi alkali komanso kupirira madzi olimba, ndipo zimakhala ndi ntchito zochotsa kuipitsidwa, kunyowetsa ndi kusakaniza, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zitsulo ndi zotsukira zamafakitale.
3. Alkyl Polyglycoside (APG)
Alkyl polyglycoside imaonedwa ngati chinthu chatsopano chapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chomwe sichili cha ionic surfactant.
Ubwino wa APG:
Kuchita zinthu zambiri pa nkhope komanso kupsinjika kwapansi kwambiri;
Palibe malo amtambo komanso kukhazikika kwabwino kwambiri pa kutentha kwakukulu;
Kusamba bwino kwambiri, mphamvu yamphamvu yotulutsa thovu, kunyowetsa bwino, mphamvu yotulutsa emulsifying komanso kukhazikika kwa kufalikira;
Yapamwamba kuposa mitundu yonse ya ma surfactants omwe alipo pankhani ya kusawononga, kukwiya pang'ono pakhungu komanso kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe.
Chifukwa chake, imakondedwa kwambiri ndi mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo sopo, zodzoladzola, kukonza chakudya ndi mankhwala. Chifukwa cha kusambitsa kwake kosavuta komanso kopanda zinyalala, ndi yoyenera kwambiri pa sopo wotsukira mbale ndi zotsukira mabotolo.
Zitsanzo zazikulu za momwe APG imagwiritsidwira ntchito mu sopo ndi izi:
Zotsukira Tsitsi ndi Zotsukira Bafa: Zopangidwa ndi APG ndi zofewa komanso zosakwiyitsa khungu zokhala ndi thovu lokoma komanso losalala, ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa kutentha thupi mukatsuka shampu. Zopangidwa zambiri zimakhala zamadzimadzi ndipo zimatha kupangidwanso kukhala sopo.
Zotsukira mbale: Zotsukira mbale zochokera ku APG zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yotulutsa thovu, zimakhala bwino pakhungu ndipo zimakhala bwino m'manja mukazigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kutsuka popanda kusiya zizindikiro.
Zotsukira Zovala: APG yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo wochapira zovala imapereka chotsukira chabwino kwambiri. Imatha kutsuka nsalu zosiyanasiyana monga thonje, ubweya ndi polyester, kuchotsa bwino dothi ndi mafuta. Imapatsanso nsalu zofewa, zoteteza kutentha komanso zoteteza ku kuzizira, ndipo imatha kupangidwa kukhala sopo wochapira zovala zomwe zimasunga bwino ntchito yochapira ngakhale m'madzi olimba.
Kuyeretsa Malo Olimba: Kupatula kutsuka mbale, APG ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeretsa malo ena olimba. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chogwiritsira ntchito pokonza sopo wothira madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakakhala asidi wambiri, ndipo imatha kuteteza zitsulo zachitsulo kuti zisawonongeke ndi asidi.
III. Zopangira Ma Surfactants a Zwitterionic
Kapangidwe ka mamolekyu awo kamakhala ndi zabwino komanso zoyipa. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kawo kapadera ka mamolekyu, ali ndi makhalidwe otsatirawa: poizoni wochepa komanso kukwiya kochepa pakhungu ndi maso; kuwonongeka kwabwino kwachilengedwe komanso kugwirizana; kunyowetsa bwino, kuyeretsa ndi kutulutsa thovu. Amagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo.
Mtundu wa N-Acyl Amino Acid
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati zinthu zoyambira pa shampu ndi zotsukira, ndipo amalimbana ndi ma asidi ofooka ndi madzi olimba. Zitsanzo zake ndi N-acyl polyamino (polypeptide) carboxylate ndi Remipon A (Detergent 613, sodium oleoylamino polypeptide carboxylate).
Remipon A imapangidwa kuchokera ku kukhuthala kwa mafuta acyl chloride ndi polyamino acids zomwe zimapezeka ndi hydrolysis ya mapuloteni. Chifukwa chake imakhala ndi kuyabwa kochepa komanso poizoni wochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazokongoletsa. Remipon A ili ndi mphamvu yotulutsa sopo wa laimu, mphamvu yochotsa poizoni ndi emulsifying. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sopo wothira ndi emulsifier mumakampani opanga nsalu, ndipo ndi yabwino kwambiri kutsuka silika ndi ubweya chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yochotsa mafuta pang'ono.
Ma surfactants a Zwitterionic betaine amapereka detergent yabwino kwambiri pa nsalu za thonje ndi nsalu zosakanikirana ndi polyester/thonje, ndipo hydroxysulfobetaines imapereka ntchito yabwino kwambiri potsuka. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi Lauryl Dimethyl Betaine.
Ndi madzi opepuka opanda mtundu kapena achikasu opepuka. Amagwira ntchito ngati cationic surfactant mu acidic media komanso ngati anionic surfactant mu alkaline media, ndipo amatha kuwola mosavuta. Amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri popanga thovu ndipo amatha kufewetsa tsitsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale loyenera kupanga ma shampu ofewa komanso ma shampu a ana. Ndi madzi olimba, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza sopo wamadzi olimba komanso ngati mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-07-2026