Ngwa nke Surfactants na Injinịa Okporo ụzọ

Ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'elu mmiri (a makwaara dị ka ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'elu mmiri) bụ ihe enyemaka kemịkalụ dị mkpa n'ịzụlite ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ugbo, yana uru nke inweta nsonaazụ dị ukwuu na obere dose. Karịsịa mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, site na mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical, ụlọ ọrụ surfactant sịntetik na-apụta ngwa ngwa akwalitela itinye surfactants n'ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka mmanụ ala, ákwà, ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọgwụgwọ ahụike, ọrụ igwe, igwu ala, igwe, owuwu, okporo ụzọ, ụgbọelu, nri, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ịsa na agba agba, wdg. Isiokwu a ga-elekwasị anya n'itinye surfactants n'ọrụ dị ka ihe emulsifiers asphalt na injinịa okporo ụzọ.

1. Nkọwa nkeSurfactants

N'ọrụ mmepụta ogologo oge, ndị mmadụ achọpụtala na ihe ngwọta nke ụfọdụ ihe nwere ike ịgbanwe ihe ndị dị n'elu mmiri nke ihe mgbaze ọbụna na obere mkpokọta, na-eme ka ha dabara adaba maka ụfọdụ ihe achọrọ maka mmepụta, dị ka ibelata nrụgide elu ma ọ bụ nrụgide interfacial nke ihe mgbaze, ịbawanye mmiri mmiri, ihe nhicha, ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri na-agbaze na ihe na-afụ ụfụfụ, wdg. Ncha, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị otú ahụ. Ihe a ma ama nke ihe dị ka ncha bụ na itinye obere ego na mmiri nwere ike ibelata nrụgide elu mmiri nke ukwuu.

Site na ọganihu nke sayensị na teknụzụ na mmepe nke mmepụta, ndị mmadụ emeela nnyocha miri emi banyere ihe onwunwe na ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ ma nye nkọwa zuru oke nke surfactants. Nke ahụ bụ, surfactant bụ ihe kemịkalụ nke nwere ike ibelata nrụgide elu (ma ọ bụ nrụgide interfacial mmiri mmiri) nke ihe mgbaze (nke na-abụkarị mmiri) na oke njupụta dị ala, gbanwee ọnọdụ elu nke sistemụ ahụ, si otú a na-emepụta usoro mmetụta dị iche iche dịka mmiri mmiri na mgbochi mmiri mmiri, emulsification na demulsification, mgbasa na coagulation, ụfụfụ na defoaming, na solubilization.

2. Àgwà nhazi nke surfactants

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Surfactant nwere akụkụ abụọ nwere ihe dị iche iche kpamkpam: otu akụkụ bụ otu lipophilic (a makwaara dị ka otu hydrophobic) nke nwere njikọ maka mmanụ, akụkụ nke ọzọ bụkwa otu hydrophilic (a makwaara dị ka otu oleophobic) nke nwere njikọ maka mmiri. Njirimara nhazi a nke surfactants na-eme ka, mgbe ha gbazee n'ime mmiri, otu hydrophilic dọta site na molekul mmiri, ebe otu lipophilic na-achụpụ site na molekul mmiri. Iji merie ọnọdụ a na-adịghị akwụsi ike, ha ga-ejupụta n'elu mmiri mmiri ahụ, yana otu lipophilic na-agbasa n'ime ikuku na otu hydrophilic na-agbasa n'ime mmiri.

Ọ bụ ezie na njirimara nhazi nke molekul surfactant bụ na ha bụ molekul amphiphilic, ọ bụghị molekul amphiphilic niile bụ surfactants. Naanị ihe amphiphilic nwere akụkụ lipophilic dị ogologo zuru oke bụ surfactants.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'usoro nnu sodium abụba, ihe ndị nwere obere atọm carbon (dịka sodium formate, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, sodium butyrate, wdg) niile nwere otu lipophilic na hydrophilic ma nwee ọrụ elu, mana ha anaghị arụ ọrụ dị ka ncha, ya mere a pụghị ịkpọ ha surfactants. Naanị mgbe ọnụọgụ atọm carbon mụbara ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ka sodium fatty acids na-egosipụta ọrụ elu doro anya ma nwee ihe onwunwe izugbe nke ncha. Ọtụtụ mmanụ anụmanụ na osisi na abụba sitere n'okike bụ fatty acid esters nwere atọm carbon 10 ruo 18. Ọ bụrụ na ejikọtara asịd ndị a na otu hydrophilic, ha ga-aghọ surfactants nwere oke lipophilicity na hydrophilicity ụfọdụ, ma nwee ezigbo mgbaze.

3. Itinye Surfactants n'ọrụInjinịa Okporo ụzọ

3.1.ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ala naihe ndị na-eme ka asfalt dị nro

Asphalt emulsifier bụ ụdị surfactant. Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri na ihe ndị na-asa ahụ nwere ihe ndị dị ka adsorptivity, nhazi, ikike ịmepụta ion colloidal, na ikike ibelata nrụgide dị n'etiti ihu. Agbanyeghị, dịka ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri, ọ dịkwa mkpa inwe ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri. Karịsịa maka ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri, ha kwesịrị inwe alkanes nwere carbon agbụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri dịkwuo mma na asphalt.

3.2.Nhazi nke emulsifiers asphalt

A na-ekewa ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri n'ụdị ionic na nke na-abụghị ionic dabere na ma otu ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri na-ebu ibu mgbe a gbazere ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri. A na-ekewa ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri n'ụdị cationic, anionic, na amphoteric ionic n'ihi ọdịiche dị n'ihe ndị otu ha na-eme mgbe ha gbasasịrị ihe dị n'ime mmiri.

Ngwa eji emepụta ihe ndị dị ka anionic asphalt emulsifier dị ọnụ ala ma dịkwa mfe ịnweta, usoro mmepụta ya dịkwa mfe. Ya mere, asphalt emulsified mbụ e mepụtara bụ asphalt emulsified anionic, nke na-abụkarị ụdị asphalt etiti, e nwekwara ụfọdụ ụdị asphalt ndị a na-eji nwayọ nwayọ. Enwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka mkpuchi slurry, ịbanye n'ime, ọgwụgwọ elu, wdg. Ọ bụ ezie na asphalt emulsifier anionic nwere uru ọnụahịa, ha nwere nnukwu mmetụta na njirimara mbụ nke asphalt, ọtụtụ nsogbu na-emekwa n'oge usoro owuwu. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-etinye ha, ọ dị mkpa ịtụle mmetụta zuru oke nke ọnụ ahịa, mmetụta owuwu na ịdị mma owuwu.

Cihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ...aỌ bụ ezie na ọ malitere n'oge adịghị anya, omume egosila na ọ na-arapara nke ọma na ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, yana ọsọ na-etolite ngwa ngwa, ike dị elu n'oge, na obere dose. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-enye uru nke anionic emulsifiers kamakwa ọ na-emeju adịghị ike ha, si otú a na-adọta ọtụtụ nlebara anya kemgbe e mepụtara ya. Cationic asphalt emulsifiers nwere ọtụtụ ụdị na ụzọ nhazi dị iche iche. A na-ekewa ha dịka usoro kemịkalụ ha si dị, ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere alkyl amines, quaternary iron salts, lignin amines, imidazolines, wdg.

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Zwitterionic nwere ma otu acidic na nke bụ isi, ha na-etolitekwa ngwa ngwa "nnu dị n'ime". Ihe e ji mara mmiri mmiri nke emulsifiers zwitterionic bụ na ike eletrik ha na-agbanwe ka ọ na-agbanwe na mgbanwe na uru pH. Ha nwere ike ịgbasa calcium siri ike na mmiri siri ike ma nwee ezigbo ndakọrịta na ụdị emulsifiers ndị ọzọ, mana ọnụ ahịa ha dị elu.

A na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-abụghị ionic site na mmeghachi omume nke ethylene oxide na ihe ndị nwere hydrogen na-arụ ọrụ (dịka phenols, alcohols, carboxylic acid, amines, wdg). Ọrụ ha abụghị naanị na otu alkyl hydrophobic kamakwa ogologo nke polyoxyethylene chain. Ha nwere ọrụ dị elu n'elu, nkwụsi ike, na ikike emulsifying dị mma, na-egosipụta ezigbo ndakọrịta na emulsifiers ndị ọzọ na ihe mgbakwunye ha, ma nwee mmetụta chelating ụfọdụ na ion metal. Ọrụ ha anaghị adabere na uru pH nke ngwọta ahụ, emulsion nke e guzobere na Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) bụkwa nke kachasị kwụsie ike.

3.3.Ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke emulsifiers asphalt

Mgbe mkpokọta nke emulsifier dị obere nke ukwuu, enwere obere molekul emulsifier. N'ebe ikuku na mmiri dị, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka ọtụtụ molekul emulsifier gbakọta. N'elu, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ka nọ na kọntaktị kpọmkwem na ikuku na mmiri, nrụgide elu ahụ ka dịkwa obere, ọ ka dị nso na nrụgide elu nke mmiri dị ọcha.

Mgbe njupụta nke emulsifier mụbara nke ọma, mkpụrụ ndụ emulsifier na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa n'elu mmiri, na-ebelata ebe kọntaktị dị n'etiti ikuku na mmiri, si otú a na-eme ka nrụgide elu ahụ daa ngwa ngwa.

Mgbe njupụta nke emulsifier ahụ na-abawanye ma ruo uru ụfọdụ, ọtụtụ molekul emulsifier na-agbakọta n'elu mmiri mmiri ahụ, na-emepụta ihe nkiri monomolecular nke na-ekpuchi elu mmiri ahụ, nke na-ekewapụ mmiri mmiri kpamkpam na ikuku ma na-eme ka nrụgide elu ahụ sie ike. Ọ bụrụ na njupụta nke emulsifier ahụ amụbakwuo ntakịrị, molekul emulsifier agaghịzi agbakọta n'elu mmiri ahụ, kama ha na-agbakọta onwe ha n'ime micelles ma ọ bụ micellar aggregates na otu lipophilic na-atụ aka n'ime na otu hydrophilic na-atụ aka n'èzí. A na-akpọkarị njupụta kacha nta nke micelles ma ọ bụ micellar aggregates na-achọ ịmalite ịmepụta Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

Mgbe ha rutere n'ọkwa dị mkpa nke micelle, ọ bụrụ na njupụta nke emulsifier anọgide na-abawanye, nrụgide elu agaghịzi ebelata. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe nkiri monomolecular etolitela n'elu, molekul emulsifier na-ejikọ ọnụ ma na-agagharị nso, na-aga n'ihu na-agbakọta n'ime micelles, si otú a na-eme ka ọnụọgụ micelles dị na emulsion na-abawanye mgbe niile.

Ime emulsification nke asphalt bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ime emulsifying. Mgbe etinyere emulsifier na mmiri mmanụ, otu abụọ nke emulsifier ahụ na-ahazi onwe ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche, na-ejikọ njikọ abụọ nke mmanụ na mmiri, si otú a na-egbochi ha ịjụ ibe ha. Mgbe a gwakọtara ma gbasaa, asphalt nwere ike ịgbasa n'ime mmiri n'ụdị obere ihe.

Mmechi

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, isiokwu a na-enye okwu mmalite na nyocha zuru oke nke njirimara nhazi, ụkpụrụ ọrụ, na ọnọdụ ojiji nke surfactants. Surfactants nwere ike ibelata nrụgide elu mmiri nke ọma, na-amịkọrọ molekul surfactant nke ọma na njikọ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, ma na-enwekarị ụfọdụ ọkwa nke adsorption ntụziaka. Ọ bụ adsorption ntụziaka a na-eme ka surfactants nwee ọtụtụ ọrụ dịka emulsification, demulsification, foaming, dispersion, coagulation, na wetting. Asphalt emulsifiers na-arụ ọrụ site na iji mmetụta emulsifying nke surfactants. Ma site n'echiche nke arụmọrụ akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, owuwu oyi ga-abụ ihe dị mkpa na mmepe nke injinia okporo ụzọ na narị afọ nke 21, emulsifiers bụkwa isi ihe dị na teknụzụ a. Nnyocha na mmezi nke arụmọrụ emulsifier ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na owuwu oyi.