Ma surfactants (omwe amadziwikanso kuti zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamwamba) ndi othandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa mafakitale ndi ulimi, ndipo ndi mwayi wopeza zotsatira zabwino ndi mlingo wochepa. Makamaka pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale a petrochemical, makampani opanga ma surfactants omwe akuchulukirachulukira akulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants m'magawo osiyanasiyana, monga mafuta, nsalu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chithandizo chamankhwala, zitsulo, migodi, makina, zomangamanga, misewu, ndege, chakudya, kuteteza chilengedwe, kutsuka ndi kupukuta utoto, ndi zina zotero. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri pakuyambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants ngati zotulutsira phula muukadaulo wamisewu.
1. Tanthauzo laZopangira madzi
Anthu apeza kuti m'machitidwe opanga zinthu kwa nthawi yayitali, mayankho a zinthu zina amatha kusintha kwambiri mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa zosungunulira ngakhale pamlingo wochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera pakupanga zinthu zina, monga kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba kapena mphamvu ya interfacial ya zosungunulira, kuwonjezera kunyowa, detergent, emulsifying ndi thovu, ndi zina zotero. Sopo, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zimenezi. Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha zinthu monga sopo ndichakuti kuwonjezera pang'ono m'madzi kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya pamwamba pa madzi.
Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo komanso chitukuko cha kupanga, anthu achita kafukufuku wozama pa makhalidwe ndi ntchito za zinthu zotere ndipo apereka tanthauzo lolondola la ma surfactants. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, surfactant ndi mankhwala omwe amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya pamwamba (kapena mphamvu yamadzimadzi pakati pa madzi) ya solvent (nthawi zambiri madzi) pamlingo wochepa kwambiri, kusintha momwe zinthu zilili pamwamba pa dongosololi, motero kupanga zotsatira zingapo monga kunyowetsa ndi kuletsa kunyowa, emulsification ndi demulsification, dispersion ndi coagulation, thovu ndi defoaming, ndi kusungunuka.
2. Makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka zinthu zopanga ...
Mamolekyu a surfactant ali ndi magawo awiri okhala ndi makhalidwe osiyana kotheratu: gawo limodzi ndi gulu la lipophilic (lomwe limadziwikanso kuti gulu la hydrophobic) lomwe limagwirizana ndi mafuta, ndipo gawo lina ndi gulu la hydrophilic (lomwe limadziwikanso kuti gulu la oleophobic) lomwe limagwirizana ndi madzi. Kapangidwe kameneka ka ma surfactants kamayambitsa, akasungunuka m'madzi, magulu a hydrophilic kukokedwa ndi mamolekyu a madzi, pomwe magulu a lipophilic amakanidwa ndi mamolekyu a madzi. Kuti athetse vutoli losakhazikika, ayenera kukhala pamwamba pa madzi, ndipo magulu a lipophilic amafalikira mumlengalenga ndipo magulu a hydrophilic amafalikira m'madzi.
Ngakhale kuti kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a surfactant ndi kakuti ndi mamolekyu a amphiphilic, si mamolekyu onse a amphiphilic omwe ndi ma surfactants. Zinthu za amphiphilic zokha zomwe zili ndi gawo lalitali lofanana ndi lipophilic ndi zomwe zimakhala ma surfactants.
Mwachitsanzo, mu mndandanda wa mchere wa sodium acid wamafuta, mankhwala okhala ndi maatomu ochepa a kaboni (monga sodium formate, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, sodium butyrate, ndi zina zotero) onse ali ndi magulu a lipophilic ndi hydrophilic ndipo ali ndi ntchito pamwamba, koma sagwira ntchito ngati sopo motero sangatchedwe kuti ma surfactants. Pokhapokha chiwerengero cha maatomu a kaboni chikawonjezeka kufika pamlingo winawake pomwe ma sodium fatty acids amawonetsa ntchito yodziwikiratu pamwamba ndipo ali ndi katundu wamba wa sopo. Mafuta ambiri achilengedwe a nyama ndi zomera ndi mafuta ndi ma esters a fatty acid okhala ndi maatomu 10 mpaka 18 a kaboni. Ngati ma acid awa aphatikizidwa ndi gulu la hydrophilic, adzakhala ma surfactants okhala ndi lipophilicity ndi hydrophilicity, ndipo amakhala ndi kusungunuka kwabwino.
3. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants muUinjiniya wa Misewu
3.1.Mankhwala opopera ndizosakaniza za phula
Emulsifier ya Asphalt ndi mtundu wa surfactant. Ma emulsifier ndi sopo amagawana zinthu monga adsorptivity, longitudinal, luso lopanga ma colloidal ions, komanso luso lochepetsa kupsinjika kwa interfacial. Komabe, monga emulsifier, imafunikanso kukhala ndi zinthu zopangira filimu. Makamaka pa ma emulsifier asphalt, amafunika kukhala ndi alkanes okhala ndi unyolo woyenera wa kaboni kuti azitha kusakaniza bwino ndi asphalt.
3.2.Kugawa ma emulsifier a phula
Ma emulsifier amagawidwa m'magulu a ionic ndi non-ionic kutengera ngati magulu a hydrophilic a mamolekyu a emulsifier amanyamula mphamvu pamene ma emulsifier asungunuka m'madzi. Ma emulsifier a ionic amagawidwanso m'magulu a ionic a cationic, anionic, ndi amphoteric chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mphamvu zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi magulu awo a hydrophilic pambuyo pa ionization m'madzi.
Zipangizo zopangira emulsifier ya anionic asphalt ndi zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kupeza, ndipo njira yopangira ndi yosavuta. Chifukwa chake, phula loyambirira lopangidwa ndi emulsifier linali anionic emulsified asphalt, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala la mtundu wapakati, ndipo palinso mitundu ina ya pang'onopang'ono. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potseka matope, kulowa mkati, kukonza pamwamba, ndi zina zotero. Ngakhale kuti anionic emulsifiers ali ndi ubwino pamitengo, zimakhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe oyambira a phula, ndipo mavuto ambiri amapezeka panthawi yomanga. Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito, ndikofunikira kuganizira zotsatira zonse za mtengo, zotsatira za zomangamanga ndi mtundu wa zomangamanga.
Cemulsifier ya ationicaNgakhale kuti idakula mochedwa, machitidwe awonetsa kuti imamatira bwino ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana za mchere, ndi liwiro lopanga mwachangu, mphamvu yoyambirira, komanso mlingo wochepa. Sikuti imangopereka zabwino za ma emulsifier anionic komanso imakwaniritsa zofooka zawo, motero imakopa chidwi chachikulu kuyambira pomwe idapangidwa. Ma emulsifier a cationic asphalt ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso njira zosiyanasiyana zogawa. Nthawi zambiri amagawidwa malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, ndipo wamba makamaka ndi alkyl amines, quaternary iron salts, lignin amines, imidazolines, ndi zina zotero.
Mamolekyu a Zwitterionic emulsifier ali ndi magulu a acidic ndi oyambira, ndipo amapanga mosavuta "mchere wamkati". Chizindikiro cha mayankho amadzi a zwitterionic emulsifiers ndichakuti mphamvu yawo yamagetsi imasintha ndi kusintha kwa pH. Ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yogawa calcium m'madzi olimba komanso amagwirizana bwino ndi mitundu ina ya emulsifiers, koma mtengo wawo ndi wokwera kwambiri.
Ma emulsifier ambiri omwe si a ionic amapezeka chifukwa cha momwe ethylene oxide imagwirira ntchito ndi mankhwala okhala ndi hydrogen yogwira ntchito (monga ma phenols, ma alcohols, ma carboxylic acid, ma amines, ndi zina zotero). Ntchito yawo si yokhudzana ndi magulu a alkyl omwe amathira madzi komanso kutalika kwa unyolo wa polyoxyethylene. Ali ndi ntchito yapamwamba pamwamba, kukhazikika, komanso kuthekera kwabwino kothira madzi, amasonyeza kugwirizana bwino ndi ma emulsifier ena ndi zowonjezera zawo, ndipo ali ndi mphamvu inayake yothira madzi pa ma ayoni achitsulo. Ntchito yawo siili yodalira pH ya yankho, ndipo emulsion yomwe imapangidwa pa Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) ndiyo yokhazikika kwambiri.
3.3.Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya ma emulsifier a phula
Ngati kuchuluka kwa emulsifier kuli kochepa kwambiri, pamakhala mamolekyu ochepa kwambiri a emulsifier. Pamalo olumikizirana mpweya ndi madzi, sizingatheke kuti mamolekyu ambiri a emulsifier azisonkhana. Pamwamba, imakhalabe yolumikizana mwachindunji ndi mpweya ndi madzi, ndipo mphamvu ya pamwamba imakhalabe yosasinthika, ikadali pafupi ndi mphamvu ya pamwamba ya madzi oyera.
Pamene kuchuluka kwa emulsifier kukukwera moyenera, mamolekyu a emulsifier amasonkhana mwachangu pamwamba pa madzi, zomwe zimachepetsa malo olumikizirana pakati pa mpweya ndi madzi, motero zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya pamwamba itsike mofulumira.
Pamene kuchuluka kwa emulsifier kukuwonjezeka kwambiri ndikufika pamtengo winawake, mamolekyu ambiri a emulsifier amasonkhana pamwamba pa yankho lamadzi, ndikupanga filimu ya monomolecular yomwe imaphimba pamwamba pa yankho, yomwe imalekanitsa kwathunthu yankho lamadzi kuchokera mumlengalenga ndikukhazikitsa mphamvu ya pamwamba. Ngati kuchuluka kwa emulsifier kukuwonjezeka pang'ono, mamolekyu a emulsifier sangadziunjikanenso pamwamba pa madzi, koma m'malo mwake amadzisonkhanitsa okha kukhala ma micelles kapena ma micellar aggregates ndi magulu a lipophilic akuloza mkati ndi magulu a hydrophilic akuloza kunja. Kuchuluka kochepa komwe ma micelles kapena ma micellar aggregates akuyamba kupanga nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).
Pambuyo pofika pa kuchuluka kwa micelle, ngati kuchuluka kwa emulsifier kupitirira kukwera, mphamvu ya pamwamba sidzachepanso. Popeza filimu ya monomolecular yapangidwa kale pamwamba, mamolekyu a emulsifier amakonda kusonkhana ndikuyenda pafupi, kupitiliza kusonkhana kukhala micelles, motero zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha micelles mu emulsion chiwonjezeke mosalekeza.
Kusakaniza phula ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yosakaniza. Pambuyo powonjezera emulsifier ku yankho la madzi a mafuta, magulu awiri a emulsifier amadzikonza okha molunjika, kulumikiza malo awiri olumikizirana a mafuta ndi madzi, motero amalepheretsa kuti asamenyane. Pambuyo posakaniza ndi kufalikira, phula limatha kufalikira mokhazikika m'madzi ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Mapeto
Potengera ma emulsifier a phula monga chitsanzo, nkhaniyi ikupereka chiyambi chokwanira ndi kusanthula kwa mawonekedwe a kapangidwe kake, mfundo zogwirira ntchito, ndi momwe ma surfactants amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ma surfactants amatha kuchepetsa bwino kupsinjika kwa madzi pamwamba, kunyamula mamolekyulu a surfactant mwamphamvu pama interfaces ena osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo linalake la adsorption. Ndi adsorption iyi yomwe imalola ma surfactants kukhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga emulsification, demulsification, thovu, dispersion, coagulation, ndi wetting. Ma asphalt emulsifier amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito emulsifying effect ya ma surfactants. Kaya kuchokera pakuwona momwe chuma chikuyendera kapena kuteteza chilengedwe, kumanga kozizira kudzakhala njira yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa uinjiniya wamisewu m'zaka za zana la 21, ndipo ma emulsifier ndiye maziko a ukadaulo uwu. Kafukufuku ndi kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a emulsifier mosakayikira kudzakhudza kwambiri zomangamanga zozizira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Mar-31-2026