He matū tino nui ngā matū whakaora-mata (e mōhiotia ana ko ngā matū hohe-mata) hei āwhina i te whanaketanga o te ahumahi me te ahuwhenua, me te painga o te whakatutuki i ngā hua nui me te iti o te horopeta. Ina koa i muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, me te whanaketanga o te ahumahi matū hinu, kua whakatairangahia e te ahumahi matū whakaora hangai te whakamahinga o ngā matū whakaora i roto i ngā momo mara, pērā i te hinu, te kakahu, ngā patu pepeke, te maimoatanga hauora, te whakarewa, te keri, te mīhini, te hanga, ngā rori, te rererangi, te kai, te tiaki taiao, te horoi me te tae, me ētahi atu. Ka arotahi tēnei tuhinga ki te whakauru i te whakamahinga o ngā matū whakaora hei emulsifier uku i roto i te hangarau huarahi.
1. Te whakamāramatanga oNgā matū horoi
Kua kitea e te tangata i roto i ngā mahi whakaputa roa ka taea e ngā otinga o ētahi matū te whakarerekē nui i ngā āhuatanga o te mata o ngā whakarewa ahakoa he iti rawa ngā kukū, kia pai ai mō ētahi whakaritenga whakaputa, pērā i te whakaiti i te kukū mata, te kukū ā-mata rānei o te whakarewa, te whakanui ake i te mākū, te horoi, ngā āhuatanga whakapūkara me te pahuka, me ētahi atu. Ko te hopi, e whakamahia ana i ia rā, tētahi o aua matū. Ko tētahi āhuatanga rongonui o ngā matū pērā i te hopi ko te tāpiri i tētahi iti ki te wai ka taea te whakaiti nui i te kukū mata o te wai.
I te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau me te whanaketanga o te whakaputanga, kua whakahaerehia e te tangata he rangahau hōhonu mō ngā āhuatanga me ngā mahi o aua matū, ā, kua homai he whakamāramatanga tika mō ngā surfactants. Arā, ko te surfactant he matū ka taea te whakaiti i te taumahatanga mata (te taumahatanga ā-mata wai-wai rānei) o te whakarewa (te nuinga o te wā he wai) i ngā kukū tino iti, te whakarerekē i te āhua o te mata o te pūnaha, ā, ka puta he raupapa o ngā pānga pēnei i te makuku me te ārai-makuku, te emulsification me te demulsification, te marara me te coagulation, te pahuka me te tango pahuka, me te rewa.
2. Ngā āhuatanga hanganga o ngā matū horoi
E rua ngā wāhanga o ngā ngota surfactant, he rerekē rawa ō rātou āhuatanga: ko tētahi wāhanga ko te rōpū lipophilic (e mōhiotia ana ko te rōpū hydrophobic) he kaha ki te hinu, ā, ko tētahi atu wāhanga ko te rōpū hydrophilic (e mōhiotia ana ko te rōpū oleophobic) he kaha ki te wai. Nā tēnei āhuatanga hanganga o ngā surfactants, ina rewa ki te wai, ka kukumea ngā rōpū hydrophilic e ngā ngota wai, ko ngā rōpū lipophilic ia ka panaia e ngā ngota wai. Hei wikitoria i tēnei āhua kore pumau, me noho rātou ki te mata o te wai, me ngā rōpū lipophilic e toro atu ana ki te hau, me ngā rōpū hydrophilic e toro atu ana ki te wai.
Ahakoa ko te āhuatanga hanganga o ngā ngota surfactant he ngota amphiphilic rātou, ehara i te mea ko ngā ngota amphiphilic katoa he surfactants. Ko ngā matū amphiphilic anake me te wāhanga lipophilic roa ka kiia he surfactants.
Hei tauira, i roto i te raupapa o ngā tote konutai waikawa ngako, ko ngā matū he iti noa ngā ngota waro (pēnei i te konutai formate, te konutai acetate, te konutai propionate, te konutai butyrate, me ētahi atu) he rōpū lipophilic me te hydrophilic katoa, ā, he mahi mata kei a rātou, engari kāore e mahi hei hopi, nō reira kāore e taea te kī he surfactants. Mēnā ka piki ake te maha o ngā ngota waro ki tētahi taumata, ka kitea te mahi mata o ngā waikawa ngako konutai, ā, he rite ki ngā āhuatanga whānui o te hopi. Ko te nuinga o ngā hinu me ngā ngako kararehe me ngā tipu tūturu he esters waikawa ngako kei roto he 10 ki te 18 ngota waro. Mēnā ka honoa ēnei waikawa ki tētahi rōpū hydrophilic, ka noho hei surfactants me tētahi taumata o te lipophilicity me te hydrophilicity, ā, he pai te wairewa.
3. Te Whakamahinga o ngā Surfactants i roto iTe Hangarau Huarahi
3.1.Ngā matū horoi me ngāngā kaiwhakarewa uku
He momo matū horoi te emulsifier uku. He rite ngā āhuatanga o ngā emulsifier me ngā hopi horoi pērā i te mimiti, te whakatakotoranga, te kaha ki te hanga i ngā katote colloidal, me te kaha ki te whakaiti i te taumahatanga ā-mata. Heoi, hei emulsifier, me whai āhuatanga hanga kiriata anō hoki. Ina koa mō ngā emulsifier uku, me whai alkane me te mekameka waro tika kia pai ake ai te emulsification ki te uku.
3.2.Te whakarōpūtanga o ngā emulsifier uku
Ka whakarōpūtia ngā emulsifier ki ngā momo ionic me ngā momo kore-ionic i runga i te mea kei roto i ngā rōpū hydrophilic o ngā ngota emulsifier ngā utu ina rewa ngā emulsifier ki te wai. Ka wehea anō ngā emulsifier ionic ki ngā momo ionic cationic, anionic, me te amphoteric nā te rerekētanga o ngā utu e mauria ana e ō rātou rōpū hydrophilic i muri i te ionization ki te wai.
He iti te utu, he ngāwari hoki te tiki i ngā rauemi mata mō te whakapūkara uku anionic, ā, he māmā noa iho te tukanga whakaputa. Nō reira, ko te uku whakapūkara tuatahi i hangaia ko te uku whakapūkara anionic, he momo huinga-waenga te nuinga, ā, he momo huinga-pōturi anō hoki. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te hiri paru, te urunga, te maimoatanga mata, me ētahi atu. Ahakoa he painga utu ngā whakapūkara anionic, he nui te pānga ki ngā āhuatanga taketake o te uku, ā, he maha ngā raruraru ka puta i te wā o te tukanga hanga. Nō reira, i te wā e whakamahia ana, me whai whakaaro ki ngā pānga whānui o te utu, te pānga hanga me te kounga hanga.
Cwhakapūhui ātionicaAhakoa i muri tata mai tōna whanaketanga, kua whakaatuhia e ngā mahi he pai ake tōna piri ki ngā momo rauemi kohuke, he tere te hanga, he kaha wawe, he iti te horopeta. Ehara i te mea ka whakamahia noa ngā painga o ngā emulsifier anionic engari ka whakakapia hoki ō rātou ngoikoretanga, ā, ka kukume mai i te aro nui mai i tōna whanaketanga. He whānuitanga ngā momo emulsifier uku cationic me ngā tikanga whakarōpū rerekē. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakarōpūhia ēnei i runga i ō rātou hanganga matū, ā, ko ngā mea noa ko ngā alkyl amines, ngā tote rino quaternary, ngā lignin amines, ngā imidazolines, me ētahi atu.
Kei roto i ngā ngota emulsifier zwitterionic ngā rōpū waikawa me ngā rōpū taketake, ā, ka ngāwari te hanga i ngā "tote o roto". Ko tētahi āhuatanga o ngā otinga wai o ngā emulsifier zwitterionic ko te rerekētanga o ō rātou utu hiko me ngā rerekētanga o te uara pH. He kaha te kaha o te konupūmā ki te horapa i roto i te wai mārō, ā, he pai te hototahi ki ētahi atu momo emulsifier, engari he tino teitei te utu.
Ko te nuinga o ngā emulsifier kore-ionic ka whiwhi mā te tauhohenga o te ethylene oxide me ngā matū kei roto te hauwai hohe (pērā i ngā phenols, ngā waipiro, ngā waikawa carboxylic, ngā amines, me ētahi atu). E pā ana tā rātou mahi ki ngā rōpū alkyl hydrophobic, engari ki te roa hoki o ngā mekameka polyoxyethylene. He nui te mahi mata, he pumau, he pai hoki te kaha ki te emulsifying, he pai te hototahi ki ētahi atu emulsifier me ā rātou tāpiringa, ā, he pānga chelating ki ngā katote konganuku. Kāore tā rātou mahi i te uara pH o te otinga, ā, ko te emulsion i hangaia i te Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) te mea tino pumau.
3.3.Ko te kaupapa mahi o ngā emulsifiers uku
Ina tino iti te kukū o te emulsifier, he iti noa iho ngā ngota emulsifier. I te hononga i waenga i te hau me te wai, kāore e taea te kohikohi i te tini o ngā ngota emulsifier. I runga i te mata, tata tonu te pa atu ki te hau me te wai, ā, kāore anō kia rerekē te kukū o te mata, tata tonu ki te kukū o te mata o te wai parakore.
Ina piki ake te kukū o te emulsifier, ka tere te huihui o ngā ngota emulsifier ki te mata o te wai, ka whakaiti i te horahanga pa i waenga i te hau me te wai, ā, ka tere te heke o te taumahatanga o te mata.
Ina piki ake te kukū o te emulsifier, ā, ka eke ki tētahi uara, ka kohikohi he maha o ngā ngota emulsifier ki runga i te mata o te wairewa, ka hanga he kiriata monomolecular e kapi ana i te mata o te wairewa, ka wehea katoatia te wairewa mai i te hau, ā, ka whakau i te taumahatanga o te mata. Mēnā ka paku piki ake te kukū o te emulsifier, kāore e taea e ngā ngota emulsifier te kohikohi ki runga i te mata o te wai, engari ka huihui anō ki roto i ngā micelles, i ngā tāpoi micellar rānei, me ngā rōpū lipophilic e anga ana ki roto, me ngā rōpū hydrophilic e anga ana ki waho. Ko te kukū iti rawa e tata ana te tīmatanga o te hanganga o ngā micelles, o ngā tāpoi micellar rānei, e kiia ana ko te Kukū Micelle Tino Hiranga (CMC).
I muri i te taenga ki te kukū micelle matua, ki te piki tonu te kukū o te emulsifier, kāore te taumahatanga o te mata e heke. Nā te mea kua hangaia he kiriata monomolecular ki runga i te mata, ka hanumi ngā ngota emulsifier ka neke tata atu, ka haere tonu te kohikohi hei micelles, ā, ka piki haere tonu te maha o ngā micelles i roto i te emulsion.
He mea nui te whakaemulsification o te uku i roto i te mahi whakaemulsification. Whai muri i te tāpiri i te emulsifier ki te wairewa hinu-wai, ka whakarite ngā rōpū e rua o te emulsifier i a rātou anō kia rite te ahunga, ka hono i ngā hononga e rua o te hinu me te wai, ā, ka ārai i a rāua kei panaia tetahi ki tetahi. Whai muri i te whakaoho me te marara, ka taea e te uku te marara pumau i roto i te wai hei matūriki angiangi.
Whakamutunga
Hei tauira, mā tēnei tuhinga ka whakaratohia he whakataki whānui me te tātari i ngā āhuatanga hanganga, ngā mātāpono mahi, me te āhua o te whakamahinga o ngā matū horoi. Ka taea e ngā matū horoi te whakaiti i te taumahatanga o te mata o te wai, te mimiti kaha i ngā ngota matū horoi ki ngā atanga rerekē, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whai i tētahi taumata mimiti aronga. Mā tēnei mimiti aronga ka taea e ngā matū horoi te whai i ngā mahi maha pērā i te mimiti, te whakakore i ngā matū, te pahuka, te marara, te whakapūmau, me te whakamakuku. Ka mahi ngā matū horoi uku mā te whakamahi i te pānga mimiti o ngā matū horoi. Ahakoa mai i te tirohanga o te mahi ōhanga, te tiaki taiao rānei, he mea nui te hanga matao hei ia o te whanaketanga o te hangarau huarahi i te rautau 21, ā, ko ngā matū horoi te kaupapa matua o tēnei hangarau. He tino pānga nui te rangahau me te whakapai ake i te mahi mimiti ki te hanga matao.
Wā tuku: Maehe-31-2026