Ii-surfactants (ezaziwa ngokuba zizinto ezisebenza kumphezulu) zizinto ezincedisayo kwiikhemikhali ezibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lweshishini nezolimo, ngenzuzo yokufumana iziphumo ezibalulekileyo ngomthamo omncinci. Ingakumbi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, ngophuhliso lweshishini le-petrochemical, ishishini le-surfactant elenziwa ngokukhawuleza liye lakhuthaza ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwee-surfactants kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-petroleum, amalaphu, izibulali-zinambuzane, unyango lwezonyango, i-metallurgy, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, oomatshini, ukwakhiwa, iindlela, ukuhamba ngeenqwelo moya, ukutya, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, ukuhlamba kunye nokudaya, njl. Eli nqaku liza kugxila ekuqaliseni ukusetyenziswa kwee-surfactants njenge-asphalt emulsifiers kubunjineli beendlela ezinkulu.
1. Inkcazelo yeIi-surfactants
Kwimisebenzi yemveliso yexesha elide, abantu bafumanise ukuba izisombululo zezinto ezithile zinokutshintsha kakhulu iipropati zomphezulu wezinto ezinyibilikayo nokuba zikwizinga eliphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza zifaneleke kwiimfuno ezithile zemveliso, ezinje ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu okanye uxinzelelo lwe-interfacial yento enyibilikayo, ukwandisa ukumanzi, ukucoca, ukuxuba kunye neempawu ze-foam, njl. Isepha, esetyenziswa rhoqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, yenye yezinto ezinjalo. Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwezinto ezifana nesepha kukuba ukongeza inani elincinci emanzini kunokunciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lomphezulu wamanzi.
Ngokuhambela phambili kwesayensi netekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso lwemveliso, abantu baye benza uphando olunzulu malunga neempawu kunye nemisebenzi yezinto ezinjalo kwaye banike inkcazo echanekileyo yee-surfactants. Oko kukuthi, i-surfactant sisithako sekhemikhali esinokunciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lomphezulu (okanye uxinzelelo lolwelo-ulwelo) lwesinyibilikisi (ngesiqhelo ngamanzi) kumanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu, sitshintshe imeko yomphezulu wenkqubo, ngaloo ndlela sivelise uthotho lweziphumo ezinje ngokumanzisa kunye nokuchasana nokumanzisa, i-emulsification kunye ne-demulsification, i-dispersion kunye ne-coagulation, i-foaming kunye ne-defoaming, kunye ne-solubilization.
2. Iimpawu zesakhiwo se-surfactants
Iimolekyuli ze-surfactant ziqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini ezineempawu ezahluke ngokupheleleyo: enye inxalenye liqela le-lipophilic (elaziwa ngokuba liqela le-hydrophobic) elinobuhlobo neoyile, kwaye enye inxalenye liqela le-hydrophilic (elaziwa ngokuba liqela le-oleophobic) elinobuhlobo neoyile. Olu phawu lwesakhiwo se-surfactants lubangela ukuba, xa zinyibilika emanzini, amaqela e-hydrophilic atsaleleke kwiimolekyuli zamanzi, ngelixa amaqela e-lipophilic egxothwa ziimolekyuli zamanzi. Ukuze boyise le meko ingazinzanga, kufuneka bahlale kumphezulu wolwelo, amaqela e-lipophilic anwenwela emoyeni kwaye amaqela e-hydrophilic anwenwela emanzini.
Nangona uphawu lwesakhiwo seemolekyuli ze-surfactant kukuba ziimolekyuli ze-amphiphilic, ayizizo zonke iimolekyuli ze-amphiphilic ezizi-surfactants. Zizinto ze-amphiphilic kuphela ezinenxalenye ende ngokwaneleyo ye-lipophilic ezizi-surfactants.
Umzekelo, kuluhlu lweetyuwa zesodium ezinamafutha acid, iikhompawundi ezinenani elincinci leeathom zekhabhoni (ezifana nesodium formate, i-sodium acetate, i-sodium propionate, i-sodium butyrate, njl.njl.) zonke zinamaqela e-lipophilic kunye ne-hydrophilic kwaye zinomsebenzi womphezulu, kodwa azisebenzi njengesepha kwaye ngenxa yoko azinakuthiwa zii-surfactants. Kuphela xa inani leeathom zekhabhoni lisanda ukuya kwinqanaba elithile apho ii-sodium fatty acids zibonisa umsebenzi womphezulu ocacileyo kwaye zineempawu eziqhelekileyo zesepha. Uninzi lweeoyile zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo kunye namafutha zii-esters ze-fatty acid eziqulethe iiathom zekhabhoni ezili-10 ukuya kwi-18. Ukuba ezi asidi zidityaniswe neqela le-hydrophilic, ziya kuba zii-surfactants ezinezinga elithile le-lipophilicity kunye ne-hydrophilicity, kwaye zinyibilike kakuhle.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-Surfactants kwiUbunjineli beNdlela ePhakamileyo
3.1.Ii-Surfactants kunyeizihlanganisi ze-asphalt
I-Asphalt emulsifier luhlobo lwe-surfactant. Ii-emulsifiers kunye neesepha zabelana ngeempawu ezifana ne-adsorptivity, i-orientation, amandla okwenza ii-colloidal ions, kunye nokukwazi ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-interfacial. Nangona kunjalo, njenge-emulsifier, kufuneka ibe neempawu zokwenza ifilimu. Ingakumbi kwi-asphalt emulsifiers, kufuneka zibe nee-alkanes ezine-carbon chain efanelekileyo ukuze zi-emulsify ngcono nge-asphalt.
3.2.Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwee-asphalt emulsifiers
Ii-emulsifiers zahlulwe ngokweentlobo ze-ionic kunye nee-non-ionic ngokusekwe ekubeni amaqela e-hydrophilic eemolekyuli ze-emulsifier athwala iintlawulo xa ii-emulsifiers zinyibilika emanzini. Ii-emulsifiers ze-Ionic zahlulwe ngakumbi zibe ziintlobo ze-cationic, ze-anionic, kunye neze-amphoteric ionic ngenxa yomahluko kwiintlawulo ezithwalwa ngamaqela azo e-hydrophilic emva kwe-ionization emanzini.
Izinto eziluhlaza ze-anionic asphalt emulsifier zixabiso eliphantsi kwaye ziyafumaneka lula, kwaye inkqubo yokuvelisa ilula. Ke ngoko, i-asphalt emulsified yokuqala eyenziweyo yayiyi-anionic emulsified asphalt, edla ngokuba yohlobo lwe-medium-set, kwaye kukwakho nezinye iintlobo ze-slow-set. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvala i-slurry, ukungena, unyango lomphezulu, njl. Nangona ii-anionic emulsifiers zinezibonelelo zexabiso, zinempembelelo enkulu kwiimpawu zokuqala ze-asphalt, kwaye iingxaki ezininzi zenzeka ngexesha lenkqubo yokwakha. Ke ngoko, xa uzisebenzisa, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela iziphumo ezibanzi zeendleko, isiphumo sokwakha kunye nomgangatho wokwakha.
Ci-emulsifier ye-atonicaNangona yaphuhliswa kade, indlela yokusebenza ibonise ukuba inamathele ngcono kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zezimbiwa, ngesantya sokwakheka ngokukhawuleza, amandla aphezulu okuqala, kunye nedosi ephantsi. Ayigcini nje ngokunika amandla iingenelo zee-anionic emulsifiers kodwa ikwalungisa neentsilelo zazo, ngaloo ndlela itsala ingqalelo enkulu ukususela ekuphuhlisweni kwayo. Ii-Cationic asphalt emulsifiers zineentlobo ngeentlobo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela. Zihlala zihlelwa ngokwezakhiwo zazo zeekhemikhali, kwaye ezixhaphakileyo ziquka ii-alkyl amines, ii-quaternary iron salts, ii-lignin amines, ii-imidazolines, njl.
Iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier ze-Zwitterionic ziqulathe amaqela ane-acidic kunye namaqela asisiseko, kwaye zenza ngokulula "iityuwa zangaphakathi". Uphawu lwezisombululo zamanzi ze-emulsifier ze-zwitterionic kukuba itshaja yazo yombane iyatshintsha ngokutshintsha kwexabiso le-pH. Zinamandla amakhulu okusasazwa kwe-calcium emanzini aqinileyo kwaye zihambelana kakuhle nezinye iintlobo ze-emulsifier, kodwa ixabiso lazo liphezulu kakhulu.
Uninzi lwee-emulsifiers ezingezizo ii-ionic zifunyanwa ngokusebenza kwe-ethylene oxide kunye neekhompawundi eziqulethe i-hydrogen esebenzayo (ezifana nee-phenols, ii-alcohols, ii-carboxylic acids, ii-amines, njl.njl.). Umsebenzi wazo awunxulumananga kuphela namaqela e-alkyl angenamanzi kodwa nobude bee-polyoxyethylene chains. Zinomsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu, uzinzo, kunye nokukwazi okuhle kokuhlanganisa, zibonisa ukuhambelana okuhle nezinye ii-emulsifiers kunye nezongezo zazo, kwaye zinefuthe elithile le-chelating kwi-ions zesinyithi. Umsebenzi wazo awuxhomekekanga kwixabiso le-pH yesisombululo, kwaye i-emulsion eyenziwe kwi-Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) yeyona izinzileyo.
3.3.Umgaqo wokusebenza kwee-asphalt emulsifiers
Xa uxinzelelo lwe-emulsifier luphantsi kakhulu, zimbalwa kakhulu iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier. Kwindawo edibanisa umoya namanzi, akunakwenzeka ukuba inani elikhulu leemolekyuli ze-emulsifier liqokeleleke. Phezu komphezulu, phantse isadibana ngqo nomoya namanzi, kwaye uxinzelelo lomphezulu alutshintshi, lusasondele kakhulu kuxinzelelo lomphezulu wamanzi acocekileyo.
Xa uxinzelelo lwe-emulsifier lukhula ngokufanelekileyo, iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier ziqokelelana ngokukhawuleza phezu kwamanzi, zinciphisa indawo yoqhagamshelwano phakathi komoya namanzi, ngaloo ndlela zibangela ukuba uxinzelelo lomphezulu luyehla ngokukhawuleza.
Xa uxinzelelo lwe-emulsifier lukhula ngakumbi kwaye lufikelela kwixabiso elithile, inani elikhulu leemolekyuli ze-emulsifier liqokelelana phezu kwesisombululo samanzi, lenze ifilimu ye-monomolecular egubungela umphezulu wesisombululo, ehlukanisa ngokupheleleyo isisombululo samanzi emoyeni kwaye izinzise uxinzelelo lomphezulu. Ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-emulsifier lunyuke kancinci ngakumbi, iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier azisenakukwazi ukuqokelelana kumphezulu wamanzi, kodwa endaweni yoko ziyahlangana zibe zii-micelles okanye ii-micellar aggregates kunye namaqela e-lipophilic akhomba ngaphakathi kunye namaqela e-hydrophilic akhomba ngaphandle. Uxinzelelo oluncinci apho ii-micelles okanye ii-micellar aggregates ziza kuqala ukwakheka ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).
Emva kokufikelela kuxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lwe-micelle, ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-emulsifier luyaqhubeka nokwanda, uxinzelelo lomphezulu alusayi kuncipha. Ekubeni ifilimu ye-monomolecular sele yenziwe phezu komphezulu, iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier zihlala zidibana kwaye zisondelana, ziqhubeka zihlangana zibe yi-micelles, ngaloo ndlela zibangela ukuba inani le-micelles kwi-emulsion linyuke rhoqo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-asphalt yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesenzo sokuhlanganiswa kwe-asphalt. Emva kokongeza i-emulsifier kwisisombululo samanzi eoyile, amaqela amabini e-emulsifier azilungiselela ngokwawo ngendlela ethe ngqo, edibanisa iindawo ezimbini ze-oyile namanzi, ngaloo ndlela ethintela ukuba zingaphindisani. Emva kokuxukuxa nokusasazeka, i-asphalt inokusasaza ngokuzinzileyo emanzini ngendlela yamasuntswana amancinci.
Isiphelo
Xa sithatha ii-asphalt emulsifiers njengomzekelo, eli nqaku libonelela ngentshayelelo epheleleyo kunye nohlalutyo lweempawu zesakhiwo, imigaqo yokusebenza, kunye nemeko yokusetyenziswa kwee-surfactants. Ii-surfactants zinokunciphisa ngempumelelo uxinzelelo lomphezulu wamanzi, zifunxe iimolekyuli ze-surfactant ngamandla kwezinye iindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zihlala zinezinga elithile le-adsorption ekhokelela kwi-directional adsorption. Yile adsorption ekhokelela kwi-surfactants ukuba ibe nemisebenzi emininzi efana ne-emulsification, demulsification, foaming, dispersion, coagulation, kunye ne-wetting. Ii-asphalt emulsifiers zisebenza ngokusebenzisa i-emulsifying effect yee-surfactants. Nokuba kukwimbono yokusebenza kwezoqoqosho okanye ukukhuselwa kwendalo, ukwakhiwa okubandayo kuya kuba yindlela ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lobunjineli beendlela ezinkulu kwinkulungwane yama-21, kwaye ii-emulsifiers zingundoqo kolu buchwepheshe. Uphando kunye nokuphuculwa kokusebenza kwe-emulsifier ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kulwakhiwo olubandayo.
Ixesha leposi: Matshi 31-2026