Ka Hoʻohana ʻana o nā Surfactants ma ke ʻenekinia alanui

ʻO nā Surfactants (i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mau mea hana ma luna) he mau mea kōkua kemika pono ʻole i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana a me ka mahiʻai, me ka pono o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hopena koʻikoʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o ka dosage. ʻOi loa ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana petrochemical, ua hoʻolaha hou ka ʻoihana surfactant synthetic e kū koke mai ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā surfactants ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka petroleum, textiles, pesticides, lāʻau lapaʻau, metallurgy, mining, mīkini, kūkulu hale, alanui, mokulele, meaʻai, palekana kaiapuni, holoi a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, a pēlā aku. E kālele ana kēia ʻatikala i ka hoʻolauna ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers asphalt i ka ʻenekinia alaloa.

1. Wehewehena oNā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai

Ua ʻike ka poʻe ma ka hana hana lōʻihi e hiki i nā hopena o kekahi mau mea ke hoʻololi nui i nā waiwai o ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻoiai ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa loa, e kūpono ai lākou no kekahi mau koi hana, e like me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ʻili o ka solvent a i ʻole ka interfacial tension o ka solvent, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wettability, detergent, emulsifying a me nā waiwai foaming, a pēlā aku. ʻO ke kopa, ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia kekahi o ia mau mea. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o nā mea e like me ke kopa, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi i ka wai hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka ʻili o ka wai.

Me ka holomua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hana ʻana, ua hana ka poʻe i kahi noiʻi hohonu e pili ana i nā waiwai a me nā hana o ia mau mea a ua hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe pololei o nā surfactants. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka surfactant kahi mea kemika e hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka ʻili o ka ʻili (a i ʻole ka wai-wai interfacial tension) o kahi solvent (ʻo ka wai maʻamau) ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa loa, hoʻololi i ke kūlana o ka ʻili o ka ʻōnaehana, a laila e hana ana i kahi moʻo o nā hopena e like me ka wetting a me ka anti-wetting, emulsification a me demulsification, dispersion a me coagulation, foaming a me defoaming, a me ka solubilization.

2. Nā ʻano kūkulu o nā surfactants

ʻElua ʻāpana o nā molekole Surfactant me nā waiwai like ʻole: ʻo kekahi ʻāpana ka hui lipophilic (i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka hui hydrophobic) nona ka pilina no ka ʻaila, a ʻo kekahi ʻāpana ka hui hydrophilic (i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka hui oleophobic) nona ka pilina no ka wai. ʻO kēia ʻano hoʻonohonoho o nā surfactants ke kumu, i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai i ka wai, e huki ʻia nā hui hydrophilic e nā molekole wai, ʻoiai e kipaku ʻia nā hui lipophilic e nā molekole wai. No ka lanakila ʻana i kēia kūlana paʻa ʻole, pono lākou e noho ma luna o ka wai, me nā hui lipophilic e hoʻolōʻihi ana i ka lewa a me nā hui hydrophilic e hoʻolōʻihi ana i ka wai.

ʻOiai ʻo ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho o nā molekala surfactant ʻo ia nā molekala amphiphilic, ʻaʻole nā ​​molekala amphiphilic āpau he surfactants. ʻO nā mea amphiphilic wale nō me kahi ʻāpana lipophilic lōʻihi he surfactants.

No ka laʻana, i loko o ke kaʻina o nā paʻakai sodium momona momona, nā hui me kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā ʻātoma kalapona (e like me ka sodium formate, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, sodium butyrate, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) he mau hui lipophilic a hydrophilic a loaʻa iā lākou ka hana ʻili, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hana e like me ke kopa a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia he surfactants. Ke piʻi wale ka helu o nā ʻātoma kalapona i kekahi ʻano e hōʻike ai nā waikawa momona sodium i ka hana ʻili maopopo a loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai maʻamau o ke kopa. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu kūlohelohe a me nā momona he mau esters waikawa momona e loaʻa ana he 10 a 18 mau ʻātoma kalapona. Inā hui pū ʻia kēia mau waikawa me kahi hui hydrophilic, e lilo lākou i surfactants me kahi kekelē o ka lipophilicity a me ka hydrophilicity, a he solubility maikaʻi.

3. Hoʻopili ʻia o nā Surfactants i lokoʻEnekinia Alanui

3.1.Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻenā mea hoʻohuihui ʻakipa

He ʻano surfactant ka emulsifier asphalt. Loaʻa nā waiwai like ʻole o nā emulsifiers a me nā detergents e like me ka adsorptivity, orientation, ka hiki ke hana i nā ion colloidal, a me ka hiki ke hōʻemi i ka tension interfacial. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke ʻano he emulsifier, pono nō hoʻi iā ia nā waiwai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni. ʻOi loa aku no nā emulsifiers asphalt, pono lākou i nā alkanes me kahi kaulahao kalapona kūpono e hoʻopili maikaʻi me ka asphalt.

3.2.Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā emulsifiers asphalt

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā emulsifiers i nā ʻano ionic a me nā ʻano non-ionic ma muli o ka lawe ʻana o nā hui hydrophilic o nā molekole emulsifier i nā uku ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā emulsifiers i ka wai. Ua māhele hou ʻia nā emulsifiers Ionic i nā ʻano ionic cationic, anionic, a me amphoteric ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o nā uku i lawe ʻia e kā lākou mau hui hydrophilic ma hope o ka ionization i ka wai.

He mea kūʻai haʻahaʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea maka o ka anionic asphalt emulsifier, a he maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana. No laila, ʻo ka asphalt emulsified mua loa i hana ʻia he anionic emulsified asphalt, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano waena-set, a aia kekahi mau ʻano lohi-set. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka sila ʻana i ka slurry, ke komo ʻana, ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili, a pēlā aku. ʻOiai he mau pono kumukūʻai ko nā anionic emulsifiers, he hopena nui ko lākou i nā waiwai mua o ka asphalt, a he nui nā pilikia e kū mai ana i ke kaʻina hana kūkulu. No laila, i ka wā e hoʻopili ai iā lākou, pono e noʻonoʻo i nā hopena piha o ke kumukūʻai, ka hopena kūkulu a me ke ʻano kūkulu.

Cmea hoʻohuihui aionicaʻOiai ua ulu aʻe ia ma hope iki, ua hōʻike ka hana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea mineral like ʻole, me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ka ikaika mua kiʻekiʻe, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole ia e hāʻawi wale i ka pāʻani i nā pono o nā emulsifiers anionic akā e hoʻopiha pū i ko lākou mau hemahema, no laila e huki ana i ka nui o ka nānā mai kona hoʻomohala ʻana. Loaʻa i nā emulsifiers asphalt cationic nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale like ʻole. Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia lākou e like me kā lākou mau ʻano kemika, a ʻo nā mea maʻamau e komo pū me nā alkyl amines, nā paʻakai hao quaternary, nā lignin amines, imidazolines, a pēlā aku.

Loaʻa i nā molekole emulsifier Zwitterionic nā hui waikawa a me nā hui kumu, a maʻalahi lākou e hana i nā "paʻakai o loko". ʻO kahi ʻano o nā hopena wai o nā emulsifiers zwitterionic ʻo ia ka loli o kā lākou uku uila me nā loli o ka waiwai pH. Loaʻa iā lākou ka hiki ke hoʻolaha calcium ikaika i ka wai paʻakikī a me ka launa maikaʻi me nā ʻano emulsifiers ʻē aʻe, akā kiʻekiʻe ko lākou kumukūʻai.

Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā emulsifiers non-ionic ma o ka hopena o ka ethylene oxide me nā hui i loaʻa ka hydrogen hana (e like me nā phenols, alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, etc.). ʻAʻole pili wale kā lākou hana i nā hui alkyl hydrophobic akā i ka lōʻihi o nā kaulahao polyoxyethylene. Loaʻa iā lākou ka hana ʻili kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa, a me ka hiki ke emulsifying maikaʻi, hōʻike i ka launa maikaʻi me nā emulsifiers ʻē aʻe a me kā lākou mau mea hoʻohui, a loaʻa iā lākou kahi hopena chelating ma nā ion metala. Kūʻokoʻa kā lākou hana i ka waiwai pH o ka hopena, a ʻo ka emulsion i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) ka mea paʻa loa.

3.3.ʻO ke kumumanaʻo hana o nā emulsifiers asphalt

Ke haʻahaʻa loa ka nui o ka emulsifier, he kakaikahi loa nā molekala emulsifier. Ma ka pilina ma waena o ka ea a me ka wai, ʻaʻole hiki i ka nui o nā molekala emulsifier ke hōʻiliʻili. Ma luna o ka ʻili, kokoke mau ia i ka pili pololei me ka ea a me ka wai, a ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole i loli ka ʻili, kokoke nō i ka ʻili o ka wai maʻemaʻe.

Ke piʻi kūpono ka nui o ka emulsifier, hōʻuluʻulu koke nā mole emulsifier ma luna o ka ʻili wai, e hoʻemi ana i ka wahi pili ma waena o ka ea a me ka wai, a laila e hāʻule koke ai ka ʻilikai.

Ke piʻi hou aku ka nui o ka emulsifier a hiki i kahi waiwai, nui ka nui o nā molekala emulsifier e hōʻiliʻili ma luna o ka ʻili o ka hopena wai, e hana ana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni monomolecular e uhi ana i ka ʻili o ka hopena, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale loa ai i ka hopena wai mai ka lewa a hoʻopaʻa i ke kaumaha o ka ʻili. Inā hoʻonui iki ʻia ka nui o ka emulsifier, ʻaʻole hiki i nā molekala emulsifier ke hōʻiliʻili hou ma luna o ka ʻili wai, akā e hōʻuluʻulu ponoʻī i loko o nā micelles a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​hui micellar me nā hui lipophilic e kuhikuhi ana i loko a me nā hui hydrophilic e kuhikuhi ana i waho. ʻO ka nui haʻahaʻa loa e hoʻomaka ai nā micelles a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​hui micellar e hana ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ka nui o ka micelle koʻikoʻi, inā e hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka emulsifier, ʻaʻole e emi hou ka ʻili o ka ʻili. Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni monomolecular ma luna o ka ʻili, e hui pū ana nā mole emulsifier a neʻe kokoke aku, e hoʻomau ana i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i loko o nā micelles, a laila e hoʻonui mau ana i ka nui o nā micelles i loko o ka emulsion.

ʻO ka emulsification o ka asphalt kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka hana emulsifying. Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi emulsifier i kahi hopena aila-wai, hoʻonohonoho nā hui ʻelua o ka emulsifier iā lākou iho ma ke ʻano kuhikuhi, e hoʻopili ana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka aila a me ka wai, a laila e pale aku ai iā lākou mai ka hoʻokuke ʻana kekahi i kekahi. Ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, hiki i ka asphalt ke hoʻopuehu paʻa i loko o ka wai ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.

Hopena

Ma ka lawe ʻana i nā emulsifiers asphalt ma ke ʻano he laʻana, hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i kahi hoʻolauna piha a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano kūkulu, nā loina hana, a me ke kūlana noi o nā surfactants. Hiki i nā Surfactants ke hoʻemi pono i ka ʻili o ka wai, hoʻopili ikaika i nā molekala surfactant ma nā ʻano interface like ʻole, a loaʻa pinepine kekahi kekelē o ka adsorption kuhikuhi. ʻO kēia adsorption kuhikuhi e hiki ai i nā surfactants ke loaʻa nā hana he nui e like me ka emulsification, demulsification, foaming, dispersion, coagulation, a me ka wetting. Hana nā emulsifiers asphalt ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena emulsifying o nā surfactants. Inā paha mai ka manaʻo o ka hana waiwai a i ʻole ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, ʻo ke kūkulu anu e lilo i mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenekinia alaloa i ke kenekulia 21, a ʻo nā emulsifiers ke kumu o kēia ʻenehana. ʻO ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana emulsifier e loaʻa ka hopena nui i ke kūkulu anu.