Ama-surfactant (aziwa nangokuthi izinto ezisebenza phezu komhlaba) ayizinsiza zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni kanye nezolimo, ngenzuzo yokuthola imiphumela ebalulekile ngomthamo omncane. Ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ngokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali kaphethiloli, imboni ye-surfactant yokwenziwa esanda kuvela iye yakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwama-surfactant emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, njenge-petroleum, izindwangu, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukwelashwa, i-metallurgy, ukumbiwa kwezimayini, imishini, ukwakhiwa, imigwaqo, izindiza, ukudla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuwasha nokudaya, njll. Lesi sihloko sizogxila ekwethuleni ukusetshenziswa kwama-surfactant njenge-asphalt emulsifiers kubunjiniyela bemigwaqo emikhulu.
1. Incazelo yeAma-surfactant
Abantu bathole emikhubeni yokukhiqiza yesikhathi eside ukuthi izixazululo zezinto ezithile zingashintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zobuso bezinyibilikisi ngisho noma zisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, okwenza zifanelekele izidingo ezithile zokukhiqiza, njengokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kobuso noma ukucindezeleka kobuso be-solvent, ukwandisa ukumanzi, ukuhlanza, ukuxuba kanye nezakhiwo ze-foam, njll. Insipho, evame ukusetshenziswa empilweni yansuku zonke, ingenye yezinto ezinjalo. Isici esiphawulekayo sezinto ezifana nensipho ukuthi ukwengeza inani elincane emanzini kunganciphisa kakhulu ukucindezeleka kobuso bamanzi.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza, abantu benze ucwaningo olujulile ngezakhiwo nemisebenzi yezinto ezinjalo futhi banikeze incazelo enembile yama-surfactants. Okusho ukuthi, i-surfactant iyikhemikhali enganciphisa kakhulu ukucindezelwa kobuso (noma ukucindezelwa kolwelo-uketshezi) kwe-solvent (ngokuvamile amanzi) ngamanani aphansi kakhulu, ishintshe isimo sobuso besistimu, ngaleyo ndlela ikhiqize uchungechunge lwemiphumela efana nokumanzisa nokulwa nokumanzisa, i-emulsification kanye ne-demulsification, ukuhlakazeka kanye ne-coagulation, ukuqhuma kanye ne-defoaming, kanye nokuncibilikisa.
2. Izici zesakhiwo sama-surfactants
Ama-molecule e-surfactant aqukethe izingxenye ezimbili ezinezakhiwo ezihluke ngokuphelele: ingxenye eyodwa yiqembu le-lipophilic (elaziwa nangokuthi iqembu le-hydrophobic) elinobuhlobo namafutha, kanti enye ingxenye yiqembu le-hydrophilic (elaziwa nangokuthi iqembu le-oleophobic) elinobuhlobo manzi. Lesi sici sesakhiwo sama-surfactants sibangela ukuthi, lapho encibilika emanzini, amaqembu e-hydrophilic akhangwe ama-molecule amanzi, kuyilapho amaqembu e-lipophilic exoshwa ama-molecule amanzi. Ukuze anqobe lesi simo esingazinzile, kufanele ahlale ebusweni boketshezi, amaqembu e-lipophilic aqhubekela emoyeni kanye namaqembu e-hydrophilic aqhubekela emanzini.
Nakuba isici sesakhiwo sama-molecule e-surfactant ukuthi angama-molecule ahlala emanzini, akuwona wonke ama-molecule ahlala emanzini angama-surfactants. Izinto ezihlala emanzini kuphela ezinengxenye ende ngokwanele ye-lipophilic ezi-surfactants.
Isibonelo, ochungechungeni lwama-fatty acid sodium salts, ama-compounds anenani elincane lama-athomu e-carbon (njenge-sodium formate, i-sodium acetate, i-sodium propionate, i-sodium butyrate, njll.) wonke anamaqembu e-lipophilic kanye ne-hydrophilic futhi anomsebenzi wobuso, kodwa awasebenzi njengensipho ngakho-ke awakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-surfactants. Kuphela lapho inani lama-athomu e-carbon landa ngezinga elithile lapho ama-sodium fatty acids ebonisa khona umsebenzi wobuso osobala futhi anezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zensipho. Amafutha amaningi ezilwane nezitshalo zemvelo kanye namafutha angama-fatty acid esters aqukethe ama-athomu e-carbon ayi-10 kuya kwangu-18. Uma la ma-acid ehlanganiswa neqembu le-hydrophilic, azoba ama-surfactants anezinga elithile le-lipophilicity kanye ne-hydrophilicity, futhi abe nokuncibilika okuhle.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Surfactants kuUbunjiniyela Bemigwaqo Emikhulu
3.1.Ama-surfactants kanyeama-emulsifier e-asphalt
I-asphalt emulsifier uhlobo lwe-surfactant. Ama-emulsifier kanye nama-detergent abelana ngezakhiwo ezifana nokumunca, ukuqondiswa, ikhono lokwenza ama-ion e-colloidal, kanye nekhono lokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwe-interfacial. Kodwa-ke, njenge-emulsifier, idinga futhi ukuba nezakhiwo zokwakha ifilimu. Ikakhulukazi kuma-asphalt emulsifier, kudingeka abe nama-alkanes ane-carbon chain efanele ukuze amulify kangcono nge-asphalt.
3.2.Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-asphalt emulsifiers
Ama-emulsifier ahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ze-ionic kanye nezingezona ze-ionic ngokusekelwe ekutheni amaqembu e-hydrophilic ama-molecule e-emulsifier athwala yini amashaja lapho ama-emulsifier encibilika emanzini. Ama-emulsifier e-Ionic ahlukaniswe kabanzi ngezinhlobo ze-cationic, anionic, kanye ne-amphoteric ionic ngenxa yomehluko emashaja athwalwa amaqembu awo e-hydrophilic ngemva kwe-ionization emanzini.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-anionic asphalt emulsifier zishibhile futhi zitholakala kalula, futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza ilula. Ngakho-ke, i-asphalt emulsified yokuqala ekhiqizwe kwakuyi-anionic emulsified asphalt, ngokuvamile ewuhlobo lwe-medium-set, futhi kunezinhlobo ezithile ze-slow-set. Ingasetshenziswa ekuvaleni i-slurry, ukungena, ukwelashwa kwendawo, njll. Nakuba ama-anionic emulsifiers enezinzuzo zentengo, anomthelela omkhulu ezimpahleni zokuqala ze-asphalt, futhi izinkinga eziningi zenzeka ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha. Ngakho-ke, lapho uwasebenzisa, kubalulekile ukucabangela imiphumela ephelele yezindleko, umphumela wokwakha kanye nekhwalithi yokwakha.
Ci-emulsifier ye-atonicaNakuba yathuthuka sekwephuzile, umkhuba ukhombisile ukuthi inokunamathela okungcono ezintweni ezahlukahlukene zamaminerali, ngesivinini sokwakheka okusheshayo, amandla aphezulu okuqala, kanye nomthamo ophansi. Ayigcini nje ngokunikeza izinzuzo zama-emulsifier e-anionic kodwa futhi ilungisa amaphutha awo, ngaleyo ndlela idonsela ukunaka okukhulu selokhu yasungulwa. Ama-emulsifier e-asphalt e-cationic anezinhlobo eziningi nezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlukanisa. Ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa ngokwezakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali, futhi avamile afaka phakathi ama-alkyl amines, usawoti wensimbi we-quaternary, ama-lignin amines, ama-imidazolines, njll.
Ama-molecule e-emulsifier e-Zwitterionic aqukethe amaqembu ane-acidic kanye namaqembu ayisisekelo, futhi akha kalula “usawoti wangaphakathi”. Isici sezixazululo zamanzi zama-emulsifier e-zwitterionic ukuthi ishaja yawo kagesi iyashintsha ngokushintsha kwenani le-pH. Anekhono eliqinile lokusabalala kwe-calcium emanzini aqinile kanye nokuhambisana okuhle nezinye izinhlobo zama-emulsifier, kodwa intengo yawo iphakeme kakhulu.
Ama-emulsifier amaningi angewona ama-ionic atholakala ngokusabela kwe-ethylene oxide nama-compounds aqukethe i-hydrogen esebenzayo (njenge-phenols, i-alcohols, i-carboxylic acid, ama-amine, njll.). Umsebenzi wawo awuhlobene nje kuphela namaqembu e-alkyl angenawo umoya kodwa futhi nobude bamaketanga e-polyoxyethylene. Anomsebenzi ophezulu wobuso, ukuzinza, kanye nekhono elihle lokuhlanganisa, abonisa ukuhambisana okuhle namanye ama-emulsifier kanye nezithasiselo zawo, futhi anomphumela othile we-chelating kuma-ion ensimbi. Umsebenzi wawo awuncikile enanini le-pH lesisombululo, futhi i-emulsion eyakhiwe ku-Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) iyona ezinzile kakhulu.
3.3.Umgomo wokusebenza wama-asphalt emulsifiers
Uma ukuhlushwa kwe-emulsifier kuphansi kakhulu, kuba nama-molecule ambalwa kakhulu e-emulsifier. Ekuxhumaneni komoya namanzi, akunakwenzeka ukuthi inani elikhulu lama-molecule e-emulsifier liqongelelane. Ngaphezulu, cishe kusathintana ngqo nomoya namanzi, futhi ukuhlushwa kobuso kuhlala kungashintshi, kusasondelene nokuhlushwa kobuso bamanzi ahlanzekile.
Uma ukuhlushwa kwe-emulsifier kwanda ngendlela efanele, ama-molecule e-emulsifier ahlangana ngokushesha phezu kwamanzi, anciphise indawo yokuxhumana phakathi komoya namanzi, ngaleyo ndlela abangele ukucindezeleka kobuso ukuthi kwehle ngokushesha.
Uma ukugcwala kwe-emulsifier kukhuphuka kakhulu futhi kufinyelela inani elithile, inani elikhulu lama-molecule e-emulsifier liqongelela phezu kwesisombululo samanzi, lakha ifilimu ye-monomolecular emboza ubuso besisombululo, ehlukanisa ngokuphelele isisombululo samanzi emoyeni futhi iqinise ukucindezeleka kobuso. Uma ukugcwala kwe-emulsifier kukhuphuka kancane, ama-molecule e-emulsifier awasakwazi ukuqongelela phezu kwamanzi, kodwa kunalokho azihlanganisele abe ama-micelles noma ama-micellar aggregates anamaqembu e-lipophilic akhomba ngaphakathi namaqembu e-hydrophilic akhomba ngaphandle. Ukugcwala okuncane lapho ama-micelles noma ama-micellar aqala ukwakheka khona ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi i-Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).
Ngemva kokufinyelela ekugxilweni kwe-micelle ebalulekile, uma ukugxilwa kwe-emulsifier kuqhubeka nokwanda, ukucindezeleka kobuso ngeke kusancipha. Njengoba ifilimu eyodwa yama-molecule isivele yakhekile ebusweni, ama-molecule e-emulsifier avame ukuhlangana futhi asondele ndawonye, aqhubeke nokuhlangana abe ama-micelle, ngaleyo ndlela abangele inani lama-micelle ku-emulsion ukuthi lande njalo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-asphalt kuyisici esibalulekile sesenzo sokuhlanganiswa kwe-asphalt. Ngemva kokufaka i-emulsifier esixazululweni samanzi kawoyela, amaqembu amabili e-emulsifier azihlela ngendlela eqondile, exhumanisa izindawo ezimbili ze-oyela namanzi, ngaleyo ndlela evimbela ukuthi zingaxoshani. Ngemva kokuxubha nokuhlakazeka, i-asphalt ingahlakazeka emanzini ngendlela yezinhlayiya ezincane.
Isiphetho
Uma sithatha ama-asphalt emulsifier njengesibonelo, lesi sihloko sinikeza isingeniso esiphelele kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezimpawu zesakhiwo, izimiso zokusebenza, kanye nesimo sokusetshenziswa kwama-surfactants. Ama-surfactants anganciphisa ngempumelelo ukungezwani kwamanzi, amunce kakhulu ama-molecule e-surfactant kwezinye izindawo ezahlukene, futhi avame ukuba nezinga elithile lokumunca okuqondiswayo. Yilokhu kumunca okuqondiswayo okuvumela ama-surfactants ukuba nemisebenzi eminingi efana nokumunca, ukususa i-mulsification, ukugqwala, ukuhlakazeka, ukujiya, kanye nokumanzisa. Ama-asphalt emulsifier asebenza ngokusebenzisa umphumela wokumunca wama-surfactants. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokombono wokusebenza komnotho noma ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukwakhiwa okubandayo nakanjani kuzoba umkhuba obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobunjiniyela bomgwaqo omkhulu ekhulwini lama-21, futhi ama-emulsifier ayisisekelo salobu buchwepheshe. Ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kwe-emulsifier ngokuqinisekile kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni okubandayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-31-2026