01 Te Ariā oTe Whakaterenga
Ko te whakapūmau, e mōhiotia ana ko te tukatuka kohuke whakapūmau, he hangarau wehewehe kohuke e wehewehe ana i ngā kohuke utu nui mai i ngā kohuke gangue i ngā atanga hau-wai-totoka mā te whakamahi i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga mata o ngā kohuke rerekē kei roto i ngā kohuke, ā, e kiia ana hoki ko te "wehenga atanga". Ko ngā tukanga hangarau katoa e wehewehe ana i ngā matūriki kohuke tika, ā-kore rānei e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā atanga wāhanga i runga i ngā āhuatanga atanga rerekē o ngā matūriki kohuke rerekē ka taka ki raro i te whakamāramatanga o te whakapūmau.
Ko ngā āhuatanga o te mata o ngā kohuke e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū me ētahi atu āhuatanga kei runga i te mata o ngā matūriki kohuke, pērā i te mākū o te mata, ngā āhuatanga hiko o te mata, tae atu ki te momo, te mākū me te mahi o ngā hononga matū o ngā ngota mata. He rerekētanga kei roto i ngā āhuatanga o te mata o ngā matūriki kohuke rerekē. Mā ēnei rerekētanga āhuatanga ka taea te wehewehe me te whakarei ake i ngā kohuke mā te āwhina o ngā atanga ā-wāhanga, koia te take e uru ai ngā atanga ā-toru-wāhanga hau, wai me te totoka ki te tukanga whakatārewatanga.
Ka taea e te whakarerekētanga horihori te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o te mata o ngā kohuke hei whakawhānui ake i te āputa i waenga i ngā matūriki kohuke whai hua me ngā matūriki kohuke gangue kia māmā ake ai te wehenga. I roto i ngā mahi whakamānu,ngā matū whakapūmaue whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakarerekē horihori i ngā āhuatanga o te mata o ngā kohuke, hei whakawhānui i ngā rerekētanga āhuatanga i waenga i ngā kohuke rerekē, hei whakanui, hei whakaiti rānei i te ātete wai o te mata o ngā kohuke, hei whakahaere me te whakahaere i te mahi whakapūmau o ngā kohuke, ā, hei whakatutuki i ngā putanga wehenga pai rawa atu. Nō reira, he hononga tata te tono me te whanaketanga o te hangarau whakapūmau ki ngā matū whakapūmau.
He rerekē ki ngā tawhā ā-tinana o ngā kohuke pēnei i te mātotoru me te ngoikore o te aukume, he uaua ki te whakarerekē, tata ki ngā āhuatanga mata katoa o ngā matūriki kohuke ka taea te whakarerekē hangai hei hanga i ngā rerekētanga āhuatanga mata kua tohua i waenga i ngā kohuke mō ngā whakaritenga wehenga. Nā konei, he whānui te whakamahinga o te whakapūmau i roto i te whakapai ake i ngā kohuke, ā, e kiia ana ko te tikanga tukatuka kohuke whānui; e tū ana ko te tikanga wehenga tino whānui te whakamahinga me te tino whai hua, inā koa mō ngā rauemi kikokore me ngā rauemi tino kikokore.
02 Ngā Whakamahinga o te Whakaterenga
Ko te tukatuka kohuke he mahi whakaputa hei whakarite i ngā rauemi mata mō te whakarewa konganuku me ngā ahumahi matū, ā, kua whanake te whakapūtanga pahuka hei tētahi o ngā tikanga tukatuka kohuke tino nui. Mā te whakapūtanga ka taea te wehewehe i te nuinga o ngā momo rauemi kohuke.
I tēnei wā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te whakamahi i te whakapūmautanga hei whakangawari i ngā konganuku whakarewa ferrous e whakamahia ana e te rino me te manganese, pērā i te hematite, te siderite me te ilmenite; ko ngā konganuku whakarewa utu nui kei roto te koura me te hiriwa; ko ngā konganuku whakarewa kore-ferrous tae atu ki te parahi, te mata, te konutea, te cobalt, te nickel, te molybdenum me te antimony, e kapi ana i ngā kohuke sulfide pērā i te galena, te sphalerite, te chalcopyrite, te chalcocite me te molybdenite, te pentlandite, tae atu ki ngā kohuke waikura pērā i te malachite, te cerussite, te hemimorphite, te cassiterite me te wolframite. Ka whakamahia hoki i roto i te wehenga o ngā kohuke tote kore-whakarewa tae atu ki te fluorite, apatite me te barite, ngā kohuke tote wairewa pērā i te sylvite me te tote toka, me ngā kohuke kore-whakarewa me te silicate pērā i te waro, te graphite, te whanariki, te taimana, te quartz, te mika, te feldspar me te beryl, te spodumene.
Kua kohia te nui o ngā wheako mahi, ā, kei te ahu whakamua tonu ngā hangarau e pā ana ki tēnei i roto i te umanga tukatuka kohuke mā te whanaketanga o te whakapūngao. Ko ngā kohuke iti te kounga me te matatini o te hanganga i mua i whakaarohia kāore he uara ā-pākihi ka taea te whakaora me te whakamahi anō hei rauemi tuarua mā te whakapūngao.
I te mea kei te memeha haere ngā rauemi kohuke, ka tohatohahia ngā kohuke utu nui ki roto i ngā āhua pai ake, uaua ake hoki i roto i ngā konganuku, ā, ka piki haere ngā uauatanga o te wehenga. I taua wā, hei whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa, ka whakatinanahia e ngā ahumahi tae atu ki ngā rauemi whakarewa me te miihini matū ngā whakaritenga tino kaha mō te kounga me te tika o ngā kukū kohuke kua wehea e whakamahia ana hei rauemi tukatuka.
I te aroaro o ngā tono rua o te whakapai ake i te kounga kukū me te aro atu ki te uauatanga o te wehewehe i ngā kohuke iti te rahi, he nui ngā painga o te whakapūmau i ngā hangarau wehewehe rerekē, ā, kua noho koia te tikanga tukatuka kohuke tino whānui te whakamahinga me te whai hua e wātea ana. I te tīmatanga i whakamahia noa mō te wehenga kohuke whanariki, kua whakawhānui haere te whakapūmau ki ngā kohuke waikura me ngā kohuke kore-whakarewa, me ngā piriona tāne o ngā kohuke e tukatukahia ana puta noa i te ao mā te whakapūmau i ia tau i ēnei rā.
I ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua pakaruhia e te hangarau whakatere te rohe o te hangarau tukatuka kohuke, ā, kua whānui haere ngā tono puta noa i ngā rāngai tiaki taiao, te mahi whakarewa, te hanga pepa, te ahuwhenua, te hangarau matū, te whakaputa kai, te pūtaiao rauemi, ngā rongoā me te hangarau koiora.
Ko ngā tono ahumahi noa ko te whakaora i ngā wāhanga whai hua mai i ngā hua takawaenga, ngā matū pupuhi me ngā para i roto i te pyrometallurgy mā te whakapūmau; te tango i ngā wāhanga whai hua mai i ngā toenga wairewa me ngā matū whakapiri o te hydrometallurgy; te tango i te waituhi o te pepa para me te whakaora muka mai i te waipara penupenu i roto i te ahumahi matū; tae atu ki ngā mahi hangarau taiao pēnei i te tango mata nui mai i te onepu awa, te tango i ngā poke totoka pai, ngā colloid, ngā huakita me ngā poke konganuku iti mai i te wai para.
Mā te whakapai tonu i ngā tukanga whakapūmau me te putanga mai o ngā matū me ngā taputapu whakapūmau whai hua auaha, ka whānui ake te whakamahinga o te whakapūmau puta noa i ngā rāngai ahumahi. Heoi anō, kei reira ngā ngoikoretanga mō te whakatinanatanga o te whakapūmau: ki te whakataurite ki te wehenga aukume me te wehenga kaha, he nui ake ngā matū ka pau i te whakapūmau, ā, ka nui ake ngā utu whakaputa; ka whakatakotohia he here tino kaha ki te rahi o te matūriki whāngai; he maha ngā taurangi e pā ana ki te mahi whakapūmau me te whakapiki ake i ngā paerewa whakahaere tukanga; ko ngā wai para e mau ana i ngā matū whakapūmau toenga he tūponotanga taiao anō hoki.
03 Ngā Ihirangi Rangahau mō te Whakaterenga
Ko te tukanga whakapūmau he taunekeneke i waenga i ngā matūriki kohuke totoka me ngā rauemi wehewehe (wai me te hau). Ko ngā kaupapa rangahau matua e kapi ana i ngā mātāpono taketake o te whakapūmau, ngā matū whakapūmau, ngā mīhini whakapūmau me ngā tukanga whakapūmau.
Ko ngā ariā matua o te whakapūmautanga e aro ana ki te whakapūmautanga o ngā kohuke me ngā āhuatanga ā-kanohi i te wā wehenga, tae atu ki te rangahau mō ngā āhuatanga ā-kanohi, ngā taunekeneke ā-wāhanga me te tikanga whakapūmautanga o ngā mirumiru hau. Ko te rangahau mō ngā matū whakapūmautanga e aro ana ki te whakarōpūtanga matū, te hanganga ngota, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū, ngā tikanga mahi, ngā tikanga whakarite me ngā kawa tono mara. Ko ngā rangahau mō ngā mīhini whakapūmautanga e uru ana ki te whirihoranga taputapu, ngā mātāpono mahi me ngā horopaki e tika ana. Ko te rangahau tukanga whakapūmautanga e kapi ana i te tahora ara iahiko tukanga, te awe me te whakahaere i ngā tawhā hangarau me ngā tikanga tāpiri matū, me te tāpiri atu ki te rangahau tono mahi mō ngā momo konganuku rerekē.
Kei roto i te anga ariā o te rangahau pōrewatanga ngā momo marautanga maha pērā i te matū tukanga, te matū waro, te matū kore-waro, te matū ā-tinana (te matū ā-kanohi me te matū colloid), te miihini wai, te miihini, te hangarau kimi aunoa me te tātari hangarau-ōhanga.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-04-2026