Kodi mukudziwa zambiri za chidziwitso cha flotation?

01 Lingaliro laKuyandama

Kuyandama, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kuyandama kwa mchere, ndi ukadaulo wolekanitsa mchere womwe umalekanitsa mchere wamtengo wapatali ndi mchere wa gangue pa malo olumikizirana a gasi-liquid-solid pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa mchere wosiyanasiyana womwe uli mu miyala, ndipo umatchedwanso "kusiyana kwa interfacial". Njira zonse zaukadaulo zomwe zimalekanitsa tinthu ta mchere mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kudalira malo olumikizirana a gawo kutengera mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a interfacial a tinthu tamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere zimagwera pansi pa tanthauzo la flotation.

Makhalidwe a pamwamba pa mchere amatanthauza makhalidwe enieni, a mankhwala ndi ena omwe ali pamwamba pa tinthu ta mchere, monga kunyowa pamwamba, mphamvu zamagetsi pamwamba, komanso mtundu, kukhuta ndi ntchito ya ma bond a mankhwala a maatomu pamwamba. Kusiyana kulipo m'makhalidwe a pamwamba pa tinthu ta mchere tosiyanasiyana. Kusiyana kwa makhalidwe kumeneku kumathandiza kulekanitsa ndi kukulitsa mchere pogwiritsa ntchito ma phase interfaces, ndichifukwa chake njira yoyandama imakhudza ma interfaces a gasi, madzi ndi olimba a magawo atatu.

Kusintha kopangidwa kungasinthe mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa mchere kuti kuwonjezere kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a pamwamba pakati pa tinthu tamtengo wapatali ta mchere ndi tinthu ta gangue ta mchere kuti tisiyanitse mosavuta. Mu ntchito zoyandama,zinthu zoyatsira mpweyaKawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa mchere mwaluso, kukulitsa kusiyana kwa katundu pakati pa mchere wosiyanasiyana, kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa madzi pamwamba pa mchere, kuwongolera ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a kuyandama kwa mchere, ndikukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wa kuyandama kumalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi ma reagents a kuyandama.

Mosiyana ndi zinthu zakuthupi monga kuchuluka kwa mchere ndi mphamvu ya maginito zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzisintha, pafupifupi zinthu zonse zapamwamba za tinthu ta mchere zimatha kusinthidwa mwaluso kuti pakhale kusiyana kwa zinthu pamwamba pa mchere kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira pakulekanitsa. Pachifukwa ichi, kuyandama kwa nthaka kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwonjezera mchere ndipo kumatchedwa njira yogwiritsira ntchito mchere padziko lonse lapansi; imadziwika kuti ndi njira yodziwika bwino komanso yothandiza kwambiri yolekanitsa makamaka pazinthu zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono kwambiri.

02 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Flotation

Kukonza mchere ndi ntchito yopanga zinthu zopangira zitsulo ndi mafakitale a mankhwala, ndipo kuyandama kwa thovu kwasanduka njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yopangira mchere. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zinthu zamchere imatha kulekanitsidwa kudzera mu kuyandama.

Pakadali pano, flotation imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi manganese, monga hematite, siderite ndi ilmenite; zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali zomwe zimakhala ndi golide ndi siliva; zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo zopanda chitsulo kuphatikizapo mkuwa, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum ndi antimony, zomwe zimaphimba zinthu zopangidwa ndi sulfide monga galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite ndi molybdenite, pentlandite, komanso zinthu zopangidwa ndi oxide monga malachite, cerussite, hemimorphite, cassiterite ndi wolframite. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito polekanitsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo zopanda chitsulo kuphatikizapo fluorite, apatite ndi barite, zinthu zopangidwa ndi mchere monga sylvite ndi mchere wa miyala, pamodzi ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi silicate monga malasha, graphite, sulfure, diamondi, quartz, mica, feldspar ndi beryl, spodumene.

Pali zambiri zogwira ntchito ndipo ukadaulo wokhudzana ndi izi ukupitilira patsogolo mumakampani opanga mchere kudzera mu chitukuko cha kuyandama kwa nthaka. Miyala yotsika komanso yovuta yomwe kale inkaonedwa kuti ndi yopanda phindu pamsika tsopano ikhoza kubwezedwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chuma chachiwiri kudzera mu kuyandama kwa nthaka.

Pamene zinthu za mchere zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono, mchere wamtengo wapatali umagawidwa m'njira zopyapyala komanso zovuta kwambiri mkati mwa miyala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zolekanitsa. Pakadali pano, kuti achepetse ndalama zopangira, mafakitale kuphatikiza zipangizo zachitsulo ndi uinjiniya wa mankhwala amaika zofunikira kwambiri pa ubwino ndi kulondola kwa mchere wolekanitsidwa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza chakudya.

Poyang'anizana ndi zofunikira ziwiri zowongolera mtundu wa concentrate ndikuthana ndi vuto lolekanitsa mchere wochepa, kuyandama kwapadera kumaonekera bwino kwambiri kuposa njira zina zolekanitsira ndipo kwakhala njira yodziwika bwino komanso yodalirika yokonzera mchere yomwe ilipo. Poyamba inkagwiritsidwa ntchito polekanitsa mchere wa sulfide, kuyandama kwakhala kukukulitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ku mchere wa oxide ndi mchere wosakhala wachitsulo, ndi matani mabiliyoni ambiri a mchere omwe amakonzedwa padziko lonse lapansi poyandama chaka chilichonse masiku ano.

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ukadaulo wa flotation waswa malire a uinjiniya wokonza mchere ndipo wapeza ntchito zambiri m'magawo oteteza chilengedwe, zitsulo, kupanga mapepala, ulimi, uinjiniya wa mankhwala, kupanga chakudya, sayansi ya zinthu, mankhwala ndi sayansi ya zamoyo.

Ntchito zambiri m'mafakitale zimaphatikizapo kubwezeretsa zinthu zofunika kuchokera ku zinthu zapakatikati, zinthu zosinthasintha, ndi slags mu pyrometallurgy kudzera mu flotation; kuchotsa zinthu zothandiza kuchokera ku zotsalira za leaching ndi simenti ya hydrometallurgy; kuchotsa mapepala ndi ulusi kuchokera ku mowa wothira zinyalala mkati mwa makampani opanga mankhwala; komanso njira zauinjiniya zachilengedwe monga kuchotsa zinthu zolemera kuchokera kumchenga wa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, kuchotsa zinthu zodetsa, ma colloid, mabakiteriya ndi zinyalala zachitsulo kuchokera m'madzi otayira.

Ndi kusinthidwa kosalekeza kwa njira zoyandama ndi kubuka kwa zida zatsopano zoyandama ndi zida, kuyandama kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri amafakitale. Komabe, pali zovuta pakukhazikitsa kuyandama: poyerekeza ndi kulekanitsa kwa maginito ndi kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka, kuyandama kumadya mankhwala ambiri ndipo kumabweretsa ndalama zambiri zopangira; kumaika zoletsa zazikulu pa kukula kwa tinthu ta chakudya; zinthu zambiri zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito a kuyandama ndikukweza miyezo yowongolera njira; madzi otayira omwe amanyamula zotsalira za kuyandama zimawononganso chilengedwe.

03 Kafukufuku Wokhudza Kuyandama

Njira yoyandama imakhudza kuyanjana pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mchere ndi zinthu zolekanitsa (madzi ndi gasi). Anthu ofufuza ofunikira amakhudza mfundo zazikulu zoyandama, zinthu zoyandama, makina oyandama, ndi njira zoyandama.

Malingaliro oyambira okhudza kuyandama kwa mchere amayang'ana kwambiri pa kuyandama kwa mchere ndi makhalidwe a pakati pa zinthu panthawi yolekanitsidwa, kuphatikizapo kafukufuku wa makhalidwe a pakati pa zinthu, kuyanjana kwa pakati pa zinthu, ndi njira yopangira mineralization ya thovu la mpweya. Kafukufuku wa ma reagents oyandama amayang'ana kwambiri magulu a ma reagent, kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu, makhalidwe a physicochemical, njira zogwirira ntchito, njira zokonzekera ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito m'munda. Maphunziro pa makina oyandama amakhudza kasinthidwe ka zida, mfundo zogwirira ntchito, ndi zochitika zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kafukufuku wa njira yoyandama amakhudza kapangidwe ka njira, mphamvu ndi kuwongolera magawo aukadaulo komanso njira zowonjezera ma reagent, zomwe zimawonjezeredwa ndi kafukufuku wothandiza wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala.

Dongosolo la chiphunzitso cha kafukufuku wa flotation limaphatikizapo magawo angapo monga process mineralogy, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry (interfacial chemistry ndi colloid chemistry), fluid mechanics, mechanical engineering, automatic detection technology ndi techno-economic analysis.