Uzi byinshi bite ku bumenyi bwo kuzenguruka?

01 Igitekerezo cyaKureremba

Flotation, izwi kandi nka floatation mineral processing, ni ikoranabuhanga ryo gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro ritandukanya amabuye y'agaciro n'amabuye y'agaciro ya gangue ku miyoboro ya gaze-liquid-solid interfaces hifashishijwe itandukaniro riri mu miterere y'ubuso bw'amabuye y'agaciro atandukanye ari mu mabuye y'agaciro, kandi byitwa kandi "interfacial disappointment". Inzira zose z'ikoranabuhanga zitandukanya uduce tw'amabuye y'agaciro mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye zishingiye ku miyoboro y'imiterere itandukanye y'uduce tw'amabuye y'agaciro atandukanye zigengwa n'igisobanuro cya flotation.

Imiterere y'ubuso bw'amabuye y'agaciro yerekeza ku miterere ifatika, iy'imiti n'indi miterere ku buso bw'uduce tw'amabuye y'agaciro, nko kumenyera ubushuhe bw'ubuso, imiterere y'amashanyarazi yo hejuru, ndetse n'ubwoko, ubwinshi n'imikorere y'imigozi ya atome zo hejuru. Itandukaniro riri mu miterere y'ubuso bw'uduce tw'amabuye y'agaciro atandukanye. Itandukaniro nk'iryo rituma amabuye y'agaciro atandukana kandi agatunganywa hifashishijwe imiyoboro y'ibyiciro, ari nayo mpamvu inzira yo kuzenguruka ikoresha imiyoboro ya gaze, amazi n'iy'ibice bitatu bikomeye.

Guhindura ibintu mu buryo bw'ubukorano bishobora guhindura imiterere y'ubuso bw'amabuye y'agaciro kugira ngo byongere icyuho cy'imiterere y'ubuso hagati y'uduce tw'agaciro tw'amabuye y'agaciro n'uduce tw'amabuye y'agaciro ya gangue kugira ngo byoroshye gutandukanya. Mu bikorwa byo kuzenguruka,ibikoresho byo kuzengurukaBikunze gukoreshwa mu guhindura imiterere y’ubuso bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu buryo bw’ubukorano, kwagura itandukaniro riri hagati y’amabuye y’agaciro atandukanye, kongera cyangwa kugabanya ubwiyongere bw’amazi ku buso bw’amabuye y’agaciro, kugenzura no kugenzura imikorere y’amabuye y’agaciro mu kuzura, no kugera ku musaruro mwiza wo gutandukanya amabuye y’agaciro. Bityo, ikoreshwa n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzura bifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ibintu bihindura imiterere y’amabuye y’agaciro mu kuzura.

Bitandukanye n'ibipimo by'ubutare nk'ubucucike n'ubushobozi bwo gukurura ibintu bugoye kubihindura, hafi ya byose imiterere y'ubuso bw'uduce tw'ubutare ishobora guhindurwa mu buryo bw'ubukorano kugira ngo habeho itandukaniro ry'imiterere y'ubuso hagati y'amabuye y'agaciro kugira ngo habeho ibikenewe byo kuyatandukanya. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kuzura kw'amazi bikoreshwa cyane mu kunoza ubutare kandi byitwa uburyo bwo gutunganya ubutare busanzwe; bugaragara nk'uburyo bukoreshwa cyane kandi bukora neza cyane cyane ku bikoresho byiza n'ibinure bito cyane.

02 Imikoreshereze ya Flotation

Gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro ni igikorwa cyo gutegura ibikoresho fatizo byo gushongesha ibyuma n'inganda zikora imiti, kandi gushushanya ifuro byahindutse bumwe mu buryo bw'ingenzi bwo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro. Mu by'ukuri ubwoko bwose bw'umutungo w'amabuye y'agaciro bushobora gutandukanywa binyuze mu gushushanya.

Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo kuzenguruka bwemewe cyane mu gukurura amabuye y'agaciro ya feri yiganjemo icyuma na manganese, nka hematite, siderite na ilmenite; amabuye y'agaciro ya feri ahanini arimo zahabu na feza; amabuye y'agaciro ya feri arimo umuringa, icyuma cy'ubutare, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum na antimoni, atwikiriye amabuye ya sulfide nka galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite na molybdenite, pentlandite, ndetse n'amabuye ya oxide nka malachite, cerussite, hemimorphite, cassiterite na wolframite. Ikoreshwa kandi mu gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro atari ay'icyuma arimo fluorite, apatite na barite, amabuye y'agaciro ashongeshwa nk'umunyu nka sylvite n'umunyu w'amabuye, hamwe n'amabuye atari ay'icyuma na silicate nka makara, grafiti, sulfur, diyama, quartz, mica, feldspar na beryl, spodumene.

Ubunararibonye bwinshi mu bikorwa bwarakusanyijwe kandi ikoranabuhanga rijyanye nabyo rikomeje gutera imbere mu nganda zitunganya amabuye y'agaciro binyuze mu iterambere ry’ubutare busanzwe. Amabuye y'agaciro yo mu rwego rwo hasi kandi agoye mu miterere yafatwaga nk'adafite agaciro mu bucuruzi ubu ashobora kugaruzwa no kongera gukoreshwa nk'umutungo wa kabiri binyuze mu kubutare busanzwe.

Uko umutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro ugenda urushaho kuba muke, amabuye y’agaciro akwirakwizwa mu buryo bwiza kandi bugoye mu mabuye y’agaciro, bigatuma ingorane zo kuyatandukanya ziyongera. Hagati aho, kugira ngo bagabanye ikiguzi cyo kuyatunganya, inganda zirimo ibikoresho by’icyuma n’ubuhanga mu by’imiti zishyiraho amabwiriza akomeye ku bwiza n’ubuziranenge bw’amabuye y’agaciro atandukanye akoreshwa mu gutunganya ibiryo.

Bitewe n'ibisabwa bibiri byo kunoza ubwiza bw'amabuye y'agaciro no guhangana n'ingorane zo gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro mato, uburyo bwo gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro bugaragara neza kandi bufite inyungu nyinshi ugereranije n'ubundi buryo bwo kuyatandukanya, kandi bwabaye uburyo bwo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro bukoreshwa cyane kandi butanga icyizere. Mbere na mbere bwakoreshwaga gusa mu gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro ya sulfide, uburyo bwo gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro bwagiye bukwirakwira buhoro buhoro bugera ku mabuye y'agaciro ya oxide n'andi mabuye atari ay'icyuma, aho amatoni miliyari y'amabuye y'agaciro atunganywa ku isi yose mu gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro buri mwaka muri iki gihe.

Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro ryarenze imbibi z'ubuhanga mu gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro, rinatanga serivisi zikwirakwira mu bijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije, ikoranabuhanga mu by'ibyuma, gukora impapuro, ubuhinzi, ikoranabuhanga mu by'ubutabire, umusaruro w'ibiribwa, ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho, imiti n'ikoranabuhanga mu binyabuzima.

Ikoreshwa mu nganda risanzwe ririmo kugarura ibintu by'agaciro bivuye mu bicuruzwa biri hagati, ibintu bihinduka n'ibisigazwa muri pyrometallurgy binyuze mu kuzura; gukuramo ibintu by'ingirakamaro mu bisigazwa by'amazi no gukwirakwiza sima mu mazi; gukuramo impapuro n'imitako mu myanda ikoreshwa mu nganda zikora imiti; ndetse no gukora ubwubatsi bw'ibidukikije nko gukuramo imyanda myinshi mu mucanga wo ku ruzi, gukuraho imyanda ikomeye, colloids, bagiteri n'imyanda y'icyuma mu mazi yanduye.

Hamwe no kuvugurura ibikorwa byo kuzenguruka amazi no kuzamuka kw'ibikoresho bishya byo kuzenguruka amazi bigezweho kandi binoze, kuzenguruka amazi bizarushaho gukoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi. Nyamara, hari imbogamizi mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'izenguruka: ugereranije no gutandukanya amashanyarazi n'uburemere, kuzenguruka amazi bikoresha imiti myinshi kandi bigatanga ikiguzi kinini cy'umusaruro; bishyiraho imipaka ikomeye ku bunini bw'uduce tw'ibiryo; ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'izenguruka kandi bikazamura amahame agenga inzira; amazi mabi atwara ibisigazwa by'izenguruka amazi nabyo biteza ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije.

03 Ibikubiye mu bushakashatsi ku bijyanye n'ubwikorezi

Uburyo bwo kuzenguruka bukubiyemo imikoranire hagati y’uduce tw’amabuye y’agaciro akomeye n’uburyo bwo kuyatandukanya (amazi na gaze). Abantu b’ingenzi mu bushakashatsi bareba amahame y’ibanze yo kuzenguruka, ibikoresho bigabanya kuzenguruka, imashini zigabanya kuzenguruka n’uburyo bwo kuzenguruka kuzenguruka.

Inyigisho z'ibanze ku bijyanye no kureremba kw'amabuye y'agaciro n'imiterere yayo mu gihe cyo gutandukana, harimo ubushakashatsi ku miterere y'urusobe rw'amabuye, imikoranire hagati y'ibice n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo amabuye mu mwuka. Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n'ibikoresho byo kureremba bwibanze ku gushyira mu byiciro ibikoresho byo kureremba, imiterere ya molekile, imiterere ya fizikiki, uburyo bw'imikorere, uburyo bwo gutegura n'amabwiriza yo gukoresha mu murima. Ubushakashatsi ku mashini zo kureremba bukubiyemo imiterere y'ibikoresho, amahame y'imikorere n'ibintu bifatika. Ubushakashatsi ku miterere y'urusobe rw'amabuye y'agaciro bukubiyemo imiterere y'urusobe rw'amabuye y'agaciro, ingaruka n'amabwiriza y'ibipimo by'ikoranabuhanga ndetse n'uburyo bwo kongeramo ibikoresho byo kureremba, byiyongereyeho ubushakashatsi bufatika ku moko atandukanye y'amabuye y'agaciro.

Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n'ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije (flotation research framework) bukubiyemo amasomo menshi nka process mineralogy, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry (interfacial chemistry na colloid chemistry), fluid mechanics, mechanical engineering, automatic detection technology hamwe na techno-economic analysis.