01 Umqondo weUkuntanta
I-Flotation, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-floatation mineral processing, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa amaminerali obuhlukanisa amaminerali abalulekile kumaminerali e-gangue kuma-interface e-gas-liquid-solid ngokusebenzisa umehluko ezimpahleni zamaminerali ahlukahlukene aqukethwe kuma-ores, futhi ibizwa nangokuthi "ukuhlukaniswa kwe-interfacial". Zonke izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezihlukanisa izinhlayiya zamaminerali ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile zithembele kuma-interface esigaba ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni ezahlukene ze-interfacial zezinhlayiya zamaminerali ahlukahlukene ziwela ngaphansi kwencazelo ye-flotation.
Izakhiwo zomphezulu wamaminerali zibhekisela ezicini zomzimba, zamakhemikhali kanye nezinye eziphezu kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali, njengokumanzika komphezulu, izakhiwo zikagesi womphezulu, kanye nohlobo, ukugcwala kanye nomsebenzi wezibopho zamakhemikhali zama-athomu ongaphezulu. Umehluko ukhona ezicini zomphezulu wezinhlayiya zamaminerali ezahlukene. Umehluko onjalo wezakhiwo uvumela ukuhlukaniswa nokucebiswa kwamaminerali ngosizo lwezixhumi zesigaba, yingakho inqubo yokuntanta ihilela izixhumi zegesi, uketshezi kanye neziqinile zesigaba sesithathu.
Ukuguqulwa kokwenziwa kungashintsha izakhiwo zomphezulu wamaminerali ukuze kwandiswe igebe lezakhiwo zomphezulu phakathi kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali ezibalulekile kanye nezinhlayiya zamaminerali ze-gangue ukuze kube lula ukuhlukana. Emisebenzini yokuntanta,ama-reagent okuntantaNgokuvamile asetshenziswa ukuguqula izici zobuso bamaminerali ngokwenziwa, ukwandisa ukungafani kwezakhiwo phakathi kwamaminerali ahlukene, ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa ukungezwani kwamanzi ebusweni bamaminerali, ukulawula nokulawula ukusebenza kokuntanta kwamaminerali, futhi ekugcineni kufinyelele imiphumela yokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuntanta kuhlobene kakhulu nama-reagent okuntanta.
Ngokungafani namapharamitha amaminerali anjengobuningi kanye nokuzwela kwamandla kazibuthe okunzima ukuwalungisa, cishe zonke izakhiwo zangaphezulu zezinhlayiya zamaminerali zingashintshwa ngokwenziwa ukuze kudalwe umehluko wezakhiwo zangaphezulu eziqondiwe phakathi kwamaminerali ukuze kuhlukaniswe izidingo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuntanta kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlomuleni amaminerali futhi kubizwa ngokuthi indlela yokucubungula amaminerali yendawo yonke; kuvelele njengendlela yokuhlukanisa esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ephumelela kakhulu ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezincane nezincane kakhulu.
02 Izicelo ze-Flotation
Ukucubungula amaminerali kuwumsebenzi wokukhiqiza ukulungiselela izinto zokusetshenziswa zezimboni zokuncibilikisa insimbi kanye namakhemikhali, futhi ukuntanta kwegwebu sekuphenduke enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokucubungula amaminerali. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zemithombo yamaminerali zingahlukaniswa ngokuntanta.
Njengamanje, i-flotation iyasetshenziswa kabanzi ukuze kuzuze ama-ore ensimbi ane-ferrous alawulwa yi-iron kanye ne-manganese, njenge-hematite, i-siderite kanye ne-ilmenite; ama-ore ensimbi ayigugu aqukethe igolide nesiliva; ama-ore ensimbi angenayo i-ferrous afaka phakathi ithusi, i-lead, i-zinc, i-cobalt, i-nickel, i-molybdenum kanye ne-antimony, ahlanganisa amaminerali e-sulfide njenge-galena, i-sphalerite, i-chalcopyrite, i-chalcocite kanye ne-molybdenite, i-pentlandite, kanye namaminerali e-oxide afaka phakathi i-malachite, i-cerussite, i-hemimorphite, i-cassiterite kanye ne-wolframite. Iphinde isetshenziswe ekuhlukaniseni amaminerali kasawoti angeyona insimbi afaka phakathi i-fluorite, i-apatite kanye ne-barite, amaminerali kasawoti ancibilikayo afaka phakathi i-sylvite kanye nosawoti wedwala, kanye namaminerali angeyona insimbi kanye ne-silicate afaka phakathi amalahle, i-graphite, i-sulfur, idayimane, i-quartz, i-mica, i-feldspar kanye ne-beryl, i-spodumene.
Kuye kwaqoqwa ulwazi oluningi olusebenzayo futhi ubuchwepheshe obuhlobene buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka embonini yokucubungula amaminerali ngokuthuthukiswa kokuntanta. Amaminerali asezingeni eliphansi futhi ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwesakhiwo ake abhekwa njengangenamsebenzi kwezentengiselwano manje angatholakala futhi asetshenziswe kabusha njengemithombo yesibili ngokusebenzisa ukuntanta.
Njengoba izinsiza zamaminerali ziya ngokuya zincipha kancane kancane, amaminerali ayigugu asatshalaliswa ngezindlela ezincane neziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwe-ore, okuholela ekukhuleni kobunzima bokuhlukaniswa. Okwamanje, ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokukhiqiza, izimboni ezifaka phakathi izinto zensimbi kanye nobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali zibeka izidingo eziqinile kakhulu kwikhwalithi kanye nokunemba kwezingxube zamaminerali ezihlukanisiwe ezisetshenziswa njengesitokwe sokucubungula.
Njengoba ibhekene nezidingo ezimbili zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokugxila kanye nokubhekana nobunzima bokuhlukanisa amaminerali amancane, ukuntanta kuvelele ngezinzuzo ezivelele kunobuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa obuhlukile futhi sekuyindlela yokucubungula amaminerali esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ethembisayo etholakalayo. Ekuqaleni yayisetshenziswa kuphela ekuhlukaniseni amaminerali e-sulfide, ukuntanta kuye kwanda kancane kancane kumaminerali e-oxide kanye namaminerali angewona awensimbi, kanye nezigidigidi zamathani amaminerali acutshungulwa emhlabeni jikelele ngokuntanta minyaka yonke kulezi zinsuku.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ubuchwepheshe bokuntanta buphule umngcele wobunjiniyela bokucubungula amaminerali futhi bathole ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kuzo zonke imikhakha yokuvikela imvelo, i-metallurgy, ukwenza amaphepha, ezolimo, ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali, ukukhiqizwa kokudla, isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, imithi kanye ne-biotechnology.
Izicelo ezijwayelekile zezimboni zifaka phakathi ukubuyiswa kwezinto ezibalulekile emikhiqizweni ephakathi, izinto eziguquguqukayo kanye nama-slags ku-pyrometallurgy nge-flotation; ukukhishwa kwezingxenye eziwusizo ezinsaleleni ze-leaching kanye nama-precipitates e-cementation ye-hydrometallurgy; ukususwa kwephepha elingcolile kanye nokubuyiswa kwefayibha kusuka kudoti ophuzwayo embonini yamakhemikhali; kanye nemikhuba yobunjiniyela bezemvelo njengokukhishwa okuqinile kwesihlabathi esiseceleni komfula, ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezincane, ama-colloid, amabhaktheriya kanye nokungcola kwensimbi emanzini angcolile.
Ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinqubo zokuntanta kanye nokuvela kwama-reagents nemishini emisha esebenza kahle kakhulu yokuntanta, ukuntanta kuzosetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni. Noma kunjalo, kunezinkinga zokusetshenziswa kokuntanta: uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwamagnetic kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi, ukuntanta kudla ama-reagents amaningi amakhemikhali futhi kuletha izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphakeme; kubeka imikhawulo eqinile ngobukhulu bezinhlayiya zokudla; izinto eziningi eziguquguqukayo zithinta ukusebenza kokuntanta futhi ziphakamisa amazinga okulawula inqubo; ama-reagents athwala amanzi angcolile okuntanta okusele nawo adala izingozi zemvelo.
03 Okuqukethwe Kocwaningo Lwe-Flotation
Inqubo yokuntanta ihilela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali eziqinile kanye nemidiya yokuhlukanisa (amanzi negesi). Izifundo zocwaningo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuntanta, ama-reagent okuntanta, imishini yokuntanta kanye nezinqubo zokuntanta.
Imibono eyisisekelo yokuntanta igxile ekuntantekeni kwamaminerali kanye nezici zokuhlangana ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa, okuhlanganisa ucwaningo ngezakhiwo zokuhlangana, ukusebenzisana kwesigaba kanye nendlela yokwenza ama-bubble omoya abe maminerali. Ucwaningo ngama-reagent okuntanta lugxile ekuhlukanisweni kwama-reagent, isakhiwo sama-molecule, izakhiwo ze-physicochemical, izindlela zokusebenza, amasu okulungiselela kanye nezinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwensimu. Izifundo ngemishini yokuntanta zihilela ukucushwa kwemishini, izimiso zokusebenza kanye nezimo ezisebenzayo. Ucwaningo lwenqubo yokuntanta luhlanganisa ukwakheka kwesekethe yenqubo, ithonya kanye nokulawulwa kwamapharamitha obuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela zokwengeza ama-reagent, ezisekelwa ucwaningo lwesicelo olusebenzayo lwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ore.
Uhlaka lwethiyori locwaningo lwe-flotation luhlanganisa imikhakha eminingi efana ne-process mineralogy, i-organic chemistry, i-inorganic chemistry, i-physical chemistry (i-interfacial chemistry kanye ne-colloid chemistry), i-fluid mechanics, i-mechanical engineering, i-automatic detection technology kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-techno-economic.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-04-2026