Unolwazi olungakanani ngolwazi lokuhambahamba?

01 Ingcamango yeUkudada

I-Flotation, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-floatation mineral processing, yiteknoloji yokwahlula iiminerali eyahlula iiminerali ezixabisekileyo kwiiminerali ze-gangue kwiindawo zokudibanisa igesi-ulwelo-eqinileyo ngokusebenzisa umahluko kwiipropati zomphezulu weeminerali ezahlukeneyo ezikwii-ores, kwaye ikwabizwa ngokuba "kukwahlula phakathi kwezinto". Zonke iinkqubo zobuchwepheshe ezahlula iinxalenye zeeminerali ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo zixhomekeke kwiindawo zokudibanisa zesigaba ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zeeminerali ziwela phantsi kwenkcazo ye-flotation.

Iimpawu zomphezulu weminerali zibhekisa kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo, zekhemikhali kunye nezinye iimpawu kumphezulu wee-minerali, ezinje ngokumanzi komphezulu, iimpawu zombane womphezulu, kunye nohlobo, ukugcwala kunye nomsebenzi weebhondi zeekhemikhali zee-athomu zomphezulu. Umahluko ukho kwiimpawu zomphezulu wee-minerali ezahlukeneyo. Umahluko onjalo weempawu uvumela ukwahlulwa kunye nokutyetyiswa kwezimbiwa ngoncedo lwe-phase interfaces, yiyo loo nto inkqubo yokudada ibandakanya i-gas, ulwelo kunye ne-solid-phase interfaces ezintathu.

Ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezenziweyo kunokutshintsha iipropati zomphezulu weeminerali ukuze kwandiswe umsantsa wepropati yomphezulu phakathi kweenxalenye zeeminerali ezixabisekileyo kunye neenxalenye zeeminerali ze-gangue ukuze kube lula ukwahlukana. Kwimisebenzi yokudada,ii-reagents zokudadaZiqhele ukusetyenziswa ukuze zitshintshe ngobuchule iimpawu zomphezulu weeminerali, zandise umahluko wepropathi phakathi kweeminerali ezahlukeneyo, zonyuse okanye zinciphise ukunganyamezeli kwamanzi kumphezulu weeminerali, zilawule kwaye zilawule ukusebenza kokutyibilika kweeminerali, kwaye ekugqibeleni zifezekise iziphumo zokwahlulwa okuphezulu. Ngokuhambelana noko, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji yokutyibilika kunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nee-reagents zokutyibilika.

Ngokungafaniyo neeparamitha zomzimba zeminerali ezifana noxinano kunye nokuthambekela kwemagnethi okunzima ukuzilungisa, phantse zonke iipropati zomphezulu wee-mineral particles zinokuguqulwa ngokwenziwa ukuze kudalwe umahluko wepropathi yomphezulu ojoliswe kuwo phakathi kweeminerali ngokweemfuno zokwahlulahlula. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukutyibilika kwe-flotation kusetyenziswa kakhulu ekuphuculeni iiminerali kwaye kuthiwa yindlela yokucubungula izimbiwa iyonke; ivelele njengeyona ndlela yokwahlulahlula esetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye isebenzayo ngakumbi kwizinto ezincinci nezincinci kakhulu.

02 Usetyenziso lwe-Flotation

Ukucubungula izimbiwa ngumsebenzi wemveliso wokulungiselela izinto eziluhlaza zeshishini lokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye neekhemikhali, kwaye ukuqubha kwamagwebu kuye kwaguquka kwaba yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokucubungula izimbiwa. Phantse zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zezimbiwa zinokwahlulwa ngokuqubha.

Okwangoku, i-flotation iyasetyenziswa kakhulu ekuphuculeni i-ferrous metal ores elawulwa yi-iron kunye ne-manganese, njenge-hematite, i-siderite kunye ne-ilmenite; i-precious metal ores equlathe igolide nesilivere; i-non-ferrous metal ores equka i-copper, i-lead, i-zinc, i-cobalt, i-nickel, i-molybdenum kunye ne-antimony, egubungela i-sulfide minerals efana ne-galena, i-sphalerite, i-chalcopyrite, i-chalcocite kunye ne-molybdenite, i-pentlandite, kunye ne-oxide minerals efana ne-malachite, i-cerussite, i-hemimorphite, i-cassiterite kunye ne-wolframite. Ikwasetyenziswa ekwahlulweni kwe-non-metallic salt minerals equka i-fluorite, i-apatite kunye ne-barite, i-soluble salt minerals efana ne-sylvite kunye ne-rock salt, kunye ne-non-metallic kunye ne-silicate minerals enjenge-coal, i-graphite, i-sulfur, i-diamond, i-quartz, i-mica, i-feldspar kunye ne-beryl, i-spodumene.

Amava amaninzi asebenzayo aqokelelwe kwaye ubuchwepheshe obunxulumene noko buqhubeka buhambela phambili kushishino lokucubungula izimbiwa ngophuhliso lokuhamba kwamanzi. Izimbiwa ezikumgangatho ophantsi nezintsonkothileyo ezazikade zithathwa njengezingenaxabiso kurhwebo ngoku zinokufunyanwa kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona njengezixhobo zesibini ngokusebenzisa ukuhamba kwamanzi.

Njengoko izixhobo zezimbiwa ziya zisiba mbi kancinci kancinci, izimbiwa ezixabisekileyo zisasazwa ngeendlela ezincinci nezintsonkothileyo ngaphakathi kweentsimbi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuleni kobunzima bokwahlulwahlulwa. Okwangoku, ukunciphisa iindleko zemveliso, amashishini aquka izixhobo zesinyithi kunye nobunjineli beekhemikhali abeka iimfuno ezingqongqo ngakumbi kumgangatho kunye nokuchaneka kwezimbiwa ezahlulweyo ezisetyenziswa njengesondlo sokucubungula.

Ijongene neemfuno ezimbini zokuphucula umgangatho womxube kunye nokujongana nobunzima bokwahlula iiminerali ezinobukhulu obucokisekileyo, i-flotation ivelele ngeenzuzo ezibalaseleyo kunezinye iindlela zokwahlula kwaye iye yaba yindlela yokucubungula izimbiwa esetyenziswa kakhulu nethembisayo ekhoyo. Ekuqaleni yayisetyenziswa kuphela ekuhlukaniseni iiminerali ze-sulfide, i-flotation iye yandiswa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya kwiiminerali ze-oxide kunye neeminerali ezingezizo zesinyithi, kunye neebhiliyoni zeetoni zeeminerali ezicutshungulwa kwihlabathi liphela ngokuqubha minyaka le kule mihla.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iteknoloji yokujikeleza iphule umda wobunjineli bokucubungula izimbiwa kwaye ifumene usetyenziso olwandayo kumacandelo okhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, i-metallurgy, iphepha, ezolimo, ubunjineli beekhemikhali, imveliso yokutya, isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, amayeza kunye ne-biotechnology.

Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso ziquka ukubuyiswa kwezinto ezixabisekileyo kwiimveliso eziphakathi, izinto eziguquguqukayo kunye ne-slags kwi-pyrometallurgy ngokusebenzisa i-flotation; ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziluncedo kwiintsalela ze-leaching kunye ne-cementation precipitates ye-hydrometallurgy; ukususwa kwephepha lenkunkuma kunye nokubuyiswa kwefayibha kwi-pulping waste alcohol kwishishini leekhemikhali; kunye neendlela zobunjineli bendalo ezifana nokukhutshwa kwe-crude eninzi kwisanti yomlambo, ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezincinci, ii-colloids, iibhaktheriya kunye nokungcola kwesinyithi okuncinci emanzini amdaka.

Ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweenkqubo zokudada kunye nokuvela kwee-reagents kunye nezixhobo ezintsha ezisebenzayo, ukudada kuya kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumacandelo amaninzi emizi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxaki ekuphunyezweni kokudada: xa kuthelekiswa nokuhlukana kwemagnethi kunye nokuhlukana komxhuzulane, ukudada kudla ii-reagents ezininzi zeekhemikhali kwaye kuzisa iindleko eziphezulu zemveliso; kubeka imiqathango engqongqo kubungakanani bezinto zokutya; izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo zichaphazela ukusebenza kokudada kwaye ziphakamisa imigangatho yolawulo lwenkqubo; amanzi amdaka athwala ii-residual flotation residue reagents nazo zibeka iingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo.

03 Uphando Lomxholo weFlotation

Inkqubo yokudada ibandakanya ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamasuntswana eeminerali eziqinileyo kunye nemidiya yokwahlulahlula (amanzi kunye negesi). Izifundo eziphambili zophando zigubungela imigaqo esisiseko yokudada, ii-reagents zokudada, oomatshini bokudadada kunye neenkqubo zokudada.

Iingcamango ezisisiseko zokutyibilika zigxile ekuthambekeni kwezimbiwa kunye neempawu zokutyibilika ngexesha lokwahlulwahlulwa, kubandakanya uphando malunga neempawu zokutyibilika kwezimbiwa, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesigaba kunye nendlela yokwenza izimbiwa zibe zimbiwa kwiibhamuza zomoya. Uphando malunga nee-reagents zokutyibilika lugxile kuhlu lwe-reagent, ulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli, iimpawu ze-physicochemical, iindlela zokusebenza, iindlela zokulungiselela kunye neenkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwentsimi. Izifundo malunga noomatshini botyibilika ziquka uqwalaselo lwezixhobo, imigaqo yokusebenza kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo. Uphando lwenkqubo yokutyibilika lugubungela uyilo lwesekethe yenkqubo, impembelelo kunye nolawulo lweeparamitha zobuchwepheshe kunye neendlela zokongeza ii-reagent, ezongezelelwa luphando olusebenzayo lwezicelo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ore.

Isakhelo sethiyori sophando lwe-flotation siquka iinkalo ezininzi ezifana ne-process mineralogy, i-organic chemistry, i-inorganic chemistry, i-physical chemistry (i-interfacial chemistry kunye ne-colloid chemistry), i-fluid mechanics, i-mechanical engineering, i-automatic detection technology kunye nohlalutyo lwe-techno-economic.