cationic surfactants galibi suna ɗauke da sinadarin nitrogen wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu gina jiki. Tunda sinadarin nitrogen a cikin ƙwayoyin halittarsu yana ɗauke da nau'i ɗaya na electrons, yana iya haɗuwa da hydrogen a cikin ƙwayoyin acid ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen, wanda ke sa ƙungiyar amino ta ɗauki caji mai kyau. Saboda haka, suna nuna kyakkyawan aikin saman ne kawai a cikin kafofin acid; a cikin kafofin alkaline, suna iya haifar da fashewa da rasa aikin saman su. Baya ga cationic surfactants masu ɗauke da nitrogen, akwai kuma ƙaramin ɓangare na cationic surfactants waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwa kamar sulfur, phosphorus, da arsenic.
1. Matsayin ci gaba
Ba a daɗe ana amfani da cationic surfactants a masana'antu ba, kuma buƙatarsu tana ƙaruwa da sauri kowace shekara. Duk da haka, saboda manyan aikace-aikacensu ana amfani da su ne a fannoni na musamman kamar su fungicides, fiber softener, da antistatic agents, amfaninsu bai yi ƙasa da na anionic da non-ionic surfactants ba.
Cationic surfactants gabaɗaya suna da kyawawan halaye kamar emulsification, jika, wankewa, tsaftacewa, laushi, antistatic, da kuma hana lalata. Saboda halaye da aikace-aikacensu na musamman, suna da kyakkyawan damar haɓakawa. Yayin da iyakokin aikace-aikacen masana'antu da na jama'a ke ci gaba da faɗaɗa, nau'ikansu da buƙatunsu za su ci gaba da ƙaruwa.
2. Rarrabawa
Yawancin cationic surfactants masu ƙimar kasuwanci sune abubuwan da suka samo asali daga mahaɗan nitrogen na halitta, inda atoms na nitrogen ke ɗauke da cajin positive. Akwai kuma wasu sabbin nau'ikan cationic surfactants inda atoms kamar phosphorus, sulfur, iodine, da arsenic ke ɗauke da cajin positive. Dangane da tsarin sinadarai na cationic surfactants, galibi ana iya raba su zuwa rukuni huɗu: nau'in gishirin amine, nau'in gishirin ammonium na quaternary, da nau'in heterocyclic.
Sinadaran cationic na Amine gishiri kalma ce ta gabaɗaya ga gishirin amine na farko, gishirin amine na biyu, da kuma surfactants na gishirin amine na uku. Halayensu suna da kama sosai, kuma samfuran da yawa cakuda amines na farko ne da amines na biyu. Wannan nau'in surfactant galibi gishiri ne da amines masu kitse da acid marasa tsari suka samar, kuma yana narkewa ne kawai a cikin ruwan acid. A ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline, gishirin amine yana amsawa cikin sauƙi tare da alkalis don samar da amines kyauta, wanda ke rage narkewarsu, don haka yana iyakance iyakokin amfani da su zuwa wani mataki.
Nau'in gishirin ammonium na Quaternary
Sinadaran cationic na gishirin Quaternary ammonium sune mafi mahimmancin nau'in cationic surfactants, tare da halaye da hanyoyin shiri daban-daban da na nau'in gishirin amine. Irin waɗannan injunan za su iya narkewa a cikin maganin acidic da alkaline, suna da jerin kyawawan halaye, kuma suna da kyakkyawan jituwa da sauran nau'ikan injunan surfactants. Saboda haka, suna da fa'idodi da yawa.
HNau'in eterocyclic
Zoben heterocyclic da ke cikin ƙwayoyin cationic surfactant galibi sune waɗanda ke ɗauke da nitrogen kamar zoben morpholine, zoben pyridine, zoben imidazole, zoben piperazine da zoben quinoline.
3. Tsarin
Babban martanin da ake bayarwa wajen haɗa cationic surfactants shine amsawar N-alkylation. Daga cikinsu, martanin da thiterine amines ke amsawa da alkylating don samar da gishirin ammonium na quaternary ana kuma kiransa quaternization reaction.
Gishirin ammonium na alkyl quaternary
Gishirin alkyl quaternary ammonium ɗaya ne daga cikin muhimman nau'ikan cationic surfactants na gishirin ammonium na quaternary, kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a matsayin fungicides, masu laushin fiber, wakilan flotation na ma'adinai, emulsifiers, da sauransu. Siffar tsarin su ita ce atom ɗin nitrogen yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin alkyl guda huɗu, wato, dukkan atom ɗin hydrogen guda huɗu na ammonium ion ana maye gurbinsu da ƙungiyoyin alkyl. Yawanci, ɗaya ko biyu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin alkyl sune ƙungiyoyin alkyl hydrocarbon masu dogon sarka, kuma sauran ƙungiyoyin alkyl suna da atom ɗaya ko biyu na carbon. Dangane da halayen tsarin su, akwai hanyoyi guda uku na haɗa gishirin alkyl quaternary ammonium: an shirya su ta hanyar amsawar alkyl halides masu girma tare da ƙananan amines na uku, an shirya su ta hanyar amsawar alkyl amines masu girma tare da ƙananan halides na alkyl, kuma an shirya su ta hanyar hanyar formaldehyde-formic acid.
Gishirin ammonium na Quaternary waɗanda ke ɗauke da heteroatoms
Abin da ake kira gishirin ammonium na quaternary wanda ke ɗauke da heteroatoms a nan gabaɗaya yana nufin gishirin ammonium na quaternary wanda ke ɗauke da heteroatoms kamar O, N, da S a cikin sarƙoƙin hydrocarbon ɗinsu na hydrophobic, wato, surfactants waɗanda ke ɗauke da haɗin amide, haɗin ether, haɗin ester, ko haɗin thioether a cikin ƙungiyoyin lipophilic. Tunda ƙungiyar cation na ammonium na hydrophilic da ƙungiyar alkyl hydrophobic suna haɗuwa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi kamar amide, ester, ether, ko thioether maimakon a haɗa su kai tsaye, wasu mutane kuma suna kiran irin waɗannan gishirin ammonium na quaternary a matsayin masu haɗa cationic a kaikaice.
Gishirin ammonium na Quaternary waɗanda ke ɗauke da zoben benzene
Ana amfani da wannan nau'in surfactant a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, maganin kumfa, maganin jika, da kuma maganin gyara fenti, da sauransu. A cikin tsarin haɗakarwa, babbar hanyar shigar da zoben ƙanshi ita ce amfani da benzyl chloride a matsayin maganin alkylating don yin aiki tare da amines na uku. Ana shirya Benzyl chloride ta hanyar haɗin chlorination na toluene. Don guje wa chlorination a kan zoben benzene, ana buƙatar yin wannan aikin a cikin kettle na enamel ko kuma reactor na hasumiya mai rufi da gilashi.
Gishirin ammonium na Quaternary waɗanda ke ɗauke da heterocycles
Zoben heterocyclic da ke cikin ƙwayoyin gishirin ammonium na quaternary galibi su ne zoben morpholine, zoben piperazine, zoben pyridine, zoben quinoline da zoben imidazole, da sauransu.
Anau'in gishirin ma'adinai
Sinadaran cationic na nau'in gishirin Amine galibi sun haɗa da manyan rukunoni guda uku: gishirin amine na farko na alkyl mai dogon sarka, gishirin amine na biyu, da gishirin amine na uku.
4. Aikace-aikacen
Cationic surfactants suna da kyawawan ayyuka kamar su sterilization, laushi,maganin hana kumburi (antistatic), da kuma kaddarorin hana lalata, da kuma wasu kaddarorin emulsifying da jika. Haka kuma ana amfani da su sau da yawa azaman abubuwan kara kuzari na canja wurin lokaci. Duk da haka, wannan nau'in surfactant ba kasafai ake amfani da shi shi kaɗai a matsayin sabulun wanki ba. Domin saman substrates da yawa a cikin ruwan, musamman a cikin ruwan alkaline, yawanci yana ɗauke da cajin mara kyau. A lokacin aikace-aikacen, surfactant mai caji mai kyau zai shirya a saman substrate tare da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic a ciki da ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic a waje, wanda ke sa saman substrate ya zama hydrophobic, wanda ba ya da amfani ga wankewa kuma yana iya haifar da mummunan tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, manyan filayen aikace-aikacen wannan nau'in surfactant sun bambanta da sauran surfactants, waɗanda ake amfani da su don rage tashin hankali a saman. Madadin haka, suna amfani da halayen tsarin su don wasu aikace-aikace na musamman.
Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-19-2026