Ii-surfactants ze-cationic ikakhulu zii-organic amine derivatives eziqulathe i-nitrogen. Ekubeni i-athomu ye-nitrogen kwiimolekyuli zayo inee-electron ezimbini, inokudibana ne-hydrogen kwiimolekyuli ze-asidi ngokusebenzisa iibhondi ze-hydrogen, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iqela le-amino lithwale itshaja entle. Ke ngoko, zibonisa kuphela umsebenzi omhle womphezulu kwi-acidic media; kwi-alkaline media, zihlala zikhawuleza kwaye zilahlekelwe ngumsebenzi wazo womphezulu. Ukongeza kwii-cationic surfactants eziqulathe i-nitrogen, kukwakho nenxalenye encinci yee-cationic surfactants eziqulathe izinto ezifana ne-sulfur, i-phosphorus, kunye ne-arsenic.
1. Imeko yophuhliso
Ii-surfactants ze-cationic azisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino ixesha elide, kwaye imfuno yazo ibikhula ngokukhawuleza unyaka nonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba usetyenziso lwazo oluphambili lukwiindlela ezikhethekileyo ezifana nee-fungicides, ii-fiber softeners, kunye nee-antistatic agents, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants ze-anionic kunye ne-non-ionic.
Ii-surfactants ze-cationic zihlala zineempawu ezilungileyo ezifana ne-emulsification, ukumanzisa, ukuhlamba, ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukuthambisa, ukuthintela ukubola, kunye nokulwa nokugqwala. Ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezikhethekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo, zinamandla ophuhliso amahle. Njengoko ububanzi bezicelo zoshishino nezoluntu buqhubeka nokwanda, iintlobo zazo kunye nemfuno ziya kuqhubeka nokukhula.
2. Ukwahlulahlula
Uninzi lwee-surfactants ze-cationic ezinexabiso lorhwebo zizinto ezivela kwiikhompawundi ze-nitrogen ze-organic, apho itshaja entle ithwalwa zii-athomu ze-nitrogen. Kukwakho nezinye iintlobo ezintsha zee-surfactants ze-cationic apho itshaja entle ithwalwa zii-athomu ezifana ne-phosphorus, i-sulfur, i-iodine, kunye ne-arsenic. Ngokwesakhiwo seekhemikhali zee-surfactants ze-cationic, zinokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine: uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-amine, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-quaternary ammonium, kunye nohlobo lwe-heterocyclic.
Ii-surfactants ze-cationic ze-Amine salt zigama eliqhelekileyo le-primary amine salt, secondary amine salt, kunye ne-tertiary amine salt surfactants. Iipropati zazo zifana kakhulu, kwaye iimveliso ezininzi ziyimixube yee-primary amines kunye nee-secondary amines. Olu hlobo lwe-surfactant ikakhulu ziityuwa ezenziwe yi-fatty amines kunye nee-inorganic acids, kwaye zinyibilika kuphela kwizisombululo ze-acidic. Phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline, ii-amine salts zisabela ngokulula kunye ne-alkalis ukwenza ii-free amines, nto leyo enciphisa ukunyibilika kwazo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa umda wokusetyenziswa kwazo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile.
Uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-ammonium ye-quaternary
Ii-surfactants ze-cationic ze-quaternary ammonium salt-type zezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo zee-surfactants ze-cationic, ezineempawu kunye neendlela zokulungiselela ezahlukileyo kwezo ze-amine salt-type. Ezi surfactants zinokunyibilika kwizisombululo ze-acidic kunye ne-alkaline, zineempawu ezininzi ezintle, kwaye zihambelana kakuhle nezinye iintlobo zee-surfactants. Ke ngoko, zinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.
Huhlobo lwe-eterocyclic
Iiringi ze-heterocyclic ezikwiimolekyuli ze-cationic surfactant ikakhulu zezo ziqulethe i-nitrogen ezifana ne-morphine ring, i-pyridine ring, i-imidazole ring, i-piperazine ring kunye ne-quinoline ring.
3. Ukwenziwa kwezinto
Eyona mpendulo iphambili yokwenziwa kwee-surfactants ze-cationic yi-N-alkylation reaction. Phakathi kwazo, impendulo apho ii-tertiary amines zisabela khona kunye nee-alkylating agents ukuze zenze ii-quaternary ammonium salts ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-quaternization reaction.
Ityuwa ye-alkyl quaternary ammonium
Iityuwa ze-alkyl quaternary ammonium zezinye zeentlobo ezibalulekileyo ze-quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic surfactants, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-fungicides, i-fiber softeners, ii-mineral flotation agents, ii-emulsifiers, njl. Uphawu lwazo lolwakhiwo kukuba i-atom ye-nitrogen idibene namaqela amane e-alkyl, oko kukuthi, zonke ii-atom ezine ze-hydrogen ze-ion ye-ammonium zithathelwa indawo ngamaqela e-alkyl. Ngokwesiqhelo, linye okanye mabini kuphela kula maqela e-alkyl angamaqela e-alkyl e-hydrocarbon alkyl amade, kwaye amaqela aseleyo e-alkyl ane-atom enye okanye ezimbini zekhabhoni. Ngokweempawu zazo zolwakhiwo, kukho iindlela ezintathu zokwenziwa kweetyuwa ze-alkyl quaternary ammonium: ezilungiselelwe ngokuphendula kwee-alkyl halides eziphezulu kunye nee-amines ezisezantsi, ezilungiselelwe ngokuphendula kwee-alkyl amine eziphezulu kunye nee-alkyl halides ezisezantsi, kwaye ezilungiselelwe ngendlela ye-formaldehyde-formic acid.
Iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary eziqulethe ii-heteroatom
Iityuwa ze-ammonium ezibizwa ngokuba yi-quaternary ammonium ezinee-heteroatom apha ngokubanzi zibhekisa kwiityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary eziqulethe ii-heteroatom ezifana ne-O, i-N, kunye ne-S kwiityathanga zazo ze-hydrophobic hydrocarbon, oko kukuthi, ii-surfactants eziqulethe ii-amide bonds, ii-ether bonds, ii-ester bonds, okanye ii-thioether bonds kumaqela azo e-lipophilic. Ekubeni iqela le-hydrophilic quaternary ammonium cation kunye neqela le-alkyl hydrophobic zidibene ngamaqela afana ne-amide, i-ester, i-ether, okanye i-thioether endaweni yokuba zidibene ngokuthe ngqo, abanye abantu babhekisela kwiityuwa ze-quaternary ammonium njengee-surfactants ze-cationic ezidityaniswe ngokungathanga ngqo.
Iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary ezineendandatho ze-benzene
Olu hlobo lwe-surfactant lusetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-bactericide, i-ejenti yokufutha, i-ejenti yokumanzisa, kunye ne-ejenti yokulungisa idayi, phakathi kwezinye. Kwinkqubo yokwenziwa, indlela ephambili yokungenisa iiringi ze-aromatic kukusebenzisa i-benzyl chloride njenge-alkylating reagent ukuze iphendule kunye ne-tertiary amines. I-Benzyl chloride ilungiswa yi-side-chain chlorination reaction ye-toluene. Ukuze kuthintelwe i-chlorination kwiringi ye-benzene, le reaction kufuneka yenziwe kwi-enamel kettle okanye kwi-tower reactor eneglasi.
Iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary eziqulethe ii-heterocycles
Iiringi ze-heterocyclic ezikwiimolekyuli zetyuwa ye-quaternary ammonium ikakhulu yi-morphine ring, i-piperazine ring, i-pyridine ring, i-quinoline ring kunye ne-imidazole ring, njl.njl.
Auhlobo lwetyuwa yam
Ii-surfactants ze-cationic ze-Amine salt ziquka iindidi ezintathu eziphambili: ii-alkyl primary amine salts ezine-long chain, ii-secondary amine salts, kunye nee-tertiary amine salts.
4. Isicelo
Ii-surfactants ze-cationic zinemisebenzi emihle efana nokubulala iintsholongwane, ukuthambisa,i-antistatic, kunye neempawu zokulwa nokugqwala, kunye neempawu ezithile zokuxubha kunye nokumanzisa. Zikwasetyenziswa rhoqo njengee-catalysts zokudlulisa izigaba. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lwe-surfactant alusetyenziswa rhoqo njengesepha. Kuba umphezulu wezinto ezininzi kwizisombululo zamanzi, ingakumbi kwizisombululo zamanzi ze-alkaline, uhlala unetshaja engalunganga. Ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, i-surfactant etshajiweyo kakuhle iya kubeka kumphezulu we-substrate kunye namaqela e-hydrophilic ngaphakathi kunye namaqela e-hydrophobic ngaphandle, okwenza umphezulu we-substrate ube yi-hydrophobic, engafanelekanga ukuhlamba kwaye inokuba nemiphumo emibi. Ukongeza, iindawo eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lwe-surfactant zahlukile kwezinye ii-surfactants, ezisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu. Endaweni yoko, zisebenzisa iimpawu zazo zesakhiwo kwezinye izicelo ezikhethekileyo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-19-2026