Mea hoʻoheheʻe cationic

ʻO nā surfactants cationic ka hapa nui o nā amine organik i loaʻa ka nitrogen. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻātoma nitrogen i loko o kā lākou mau molekala he mau electrons lone, hiki iā ia ke hui pū me ka hydrogen i loko o nā molekala waikawa ma o nā pilina hydrogen, e hoʻoulu ai i ka hui amino e lawe i kahi uku maikaʻi. No laila, hōʻike wale lākou i ka hana ʻili maikaʻi i nā media acidic; i nā media alkaline, ke ʻano nei lākou e precipitate a nalowale kā lākou hana ʻili. Ma waho aʻe o nā surfactants cationic i loaʻa ka nitrogen, aia kekahi hapa liʻiliʻi o nā surfactants cationic i loaʻa nā mea e like me ka sulfur, phosphorus, a me ka arsenic.

1. Kūlana hoʻomohala

ʻAʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia nā surfactants cationic i ka ʻoihana no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ke ulu wikiwiki nei ko lākou koi i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea, ʻo kā lākou mau noi nui i nā hoʻohana kūikawā e like me nā fungicides, nā mea palupalu fiber, a me nā mea antistatic, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants anionic a me non-ionic.

Loaʻa i nā surfactants cationic nā waiwai maikaʻi e like me ka emulsification, ka hoʻomaʻū ʻana, ka holoi ʻana, ka sterilization, ka palupalu, ka antistatic, a me ka anti-corrosion. Ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai kūikawā a me nā noi, loaʻa iā lākou ka hiki ke hoʻomohala maikaʻi. Ke hoʻomau nei ka laulā o nā noi ʻoihana a me nā noi kīwila, e hoʻomau ka hoʻonui ʻana o kā lākou mau ʻano like ʻole a me ke koi.

2. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā surfactants cationic me ka waiwai kalepa he mau mea i loaʻa mai nā hui nitrogen organik, kahi e lawe ʻia ai ka uku maikaʻi e nā ʻātoma nitrogen. Aia kekahi mau ʻano hou o nā surfactants cationic kahi e lawe ʻia ai ka uku maikaʻi e nā ʻātoma e like me ka phosphorus, sulfur, iodine, a me ka arsenic. Wahi a ke ʻano kemika o nā surfactants cationic, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia i ʻehā mau māhele: ʻano paʻakai amine, ʻano paʻakai ammonium quaternary, a me ke ʻano heterocyclic.

Aʻano paʻakai o kaʻu

ʻO nā surfactants cationic ʻano paʻakai Amine kahi huaʻōlelo laulā no ka paʻakai amine mua, ka paʻakai amine lua, a me nā surfactants paʻakai amine tertiary. He like loa ko lākou mau waiwai, a he nui nā huahana he hui pū ʻana o nā amines mua a me nā amines lua. ʻO kēia ʻano surfactant he mau paʻakai i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā amines momona a me nā waikawa inorganic, a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā hopena acidic. Ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline, pane maʻalahi nā paʻakai amine me nā alkalis e hana i nā amines manuahi, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ko lākou solubility, a pēlā e kaupalena ai i kā lākou laulā o ka noi i kekahi ʻano.

ʻAno paʻakai ammonium Quaternary

ʻO nā surfactants cationic ʻano paʻakai ammonium Quaternary ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants cationic, me nā waiwai a me nā ʻano hoʻomākaukau ʻokoʻa mai nā mea ʻano paʻakai amine. Hiki i kēlā mau surfactants ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā hopena acidic a me alkaline, loaʻa iā lākou kahi moʻo o nā waiwai maikaʻi loa, a loaʻa ka launa maikaʻi me nā ʻano surfactants ʻē aʻe. No laila, he ākea ko lākou mau noi.

Hʻano eterocyclic

ʻO nā apo heterocyclic i loko o nā molekala surfactant cationic he mau mea i loaʻa ka nitrogen e like me ke apo morpholine, ke apo pyridine, ke apo imidazole, ke apo piperazine a me ke apo quinoline.

3. Hana ʻia

ʻO ka hopena nui no ka hana ʻana i nā surfactants cationic ʻo ia ka hopena N-alkylation. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka hopena e hana ai nā amine tertiary me nā mea alkylating e hana i nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary ua kapa ʻia hoʻi he hopena quaternization.

Paʻakai ʻamonia quaternary alkyl

ʻO nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary alkyl kekahi o nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants cationic ʻano paʻakai ammonium quaternary, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā fungicides, nā mea palupalu fiber, nā mea flotation mineral, nā emulsifiers, a pēlā aku. ʻO ko lākou hiʻohiʻona hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o ka ʻātoma nitrogen me ʻehā mau hui alkyl, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua pani ʻia nā ʻātoma hydrogen ʻehā o ka ion ammonium e nā hui alkyl. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha o kēia mau hui alkyl he mau hui alkyl hydrocarbon kaulahao lōʻihi, a ʻo nā hui alkyl i koe he hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau ʻātoma kalapona. Wahi a ko lākou ʻano hoʻonohonoho, aia kekahi mau ʻano hana synthesis no nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary alkyl: i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka hopena o nā alkyl halides kiʻekiʻe me nā amines tertiary haʻahaʻa, i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka hopena o nā amines alkyl kiʻekiʻe me nā alkyl halides haʻahaʻa, a hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ke ʻano formaldehyde-formic acid.

Nā paʻakai ammonium Quaternary e loaʻa ana nā heteroatoms

ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary e loaʻa ana nā heteroatoms ma aneʻi e pili ana i nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary e loaʻa ana nā heteroatoms e like me O, N, a me S i loko o kā lākou kaulahao hydrocarbon hydrophobic, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā surfactants e loaʻa ana nā pilina amide, nā pilina ether, nā pilina ester, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​pilina thioether i loko o kā lākou mau hui lipophilic. ʻOiai ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hui cation ammonium quaternary hydrophilic a me ka hui alkyl hydrophobic ma o nā hui e like me amide, ester, ether, a i ʻole thioether ma mua o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻia ʻana, kapa pū kekahi poʻe i kēlā mau paʻakai ammonium quaternary he mau surfactants cationic i hoʻopili pololei ʻole ʻia.

Nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary e loaʻa ana nā apo benzene

Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano surfactant ma ke ʻano he bactericide, foaming agent, wetting agent, a me dye fixing agent, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ke kaʻina hana synthesis, ʻo ke ʻano nui no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā apo ʻala, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka benzyl chloride ma ke ʻano he alkylating reagent e hana me nā amines tertiary. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ʻo Benzyl chloride e ka hopena chlorination ʻaoʻao-chain o toluene. I mea e pale aku ai i ka chlorination ma ke apo benzene, pono e hana ʻia kēia hopena i loko o kahi ipu hao enamel a i ʻole kahi reactor hale kiaʻi i uhi ʻia i ke aniani.

Nā paʻakai ammonium Quaternary e loaʻa ana nā heterocycles

ʻO nā apo heterocyclic i loko o nā molekala paʻakai ammonium quaternary he apo morpholine, apo piperazine, apo pyridine, apo quinoline a me ke apo imidazole, a pēlā aku.

Aʻano paʻakai o kaʻu

ʻO nā surfactants cationic ʻano paʻakai Amine e komo pū me ʻekolu mau māhele nui: nā paʻakai amine mua alkyl kaulahao lōʻihi, nā paʻakai amine lua, a me nā paʻakai amine tertiary.

4. Noi

He mau hana maikaʻi ko nā surfactants cationic e like me ka sterilization, ka palupalu,antistatic, a me nā waiwai anti-corrosion, a me kekahi mau waiwai emulsifying a me ka hoʻomaʻū ʻana. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoulu hoʻoili pae. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻohana wale ʻia kēia ʻano surfactant ma ke ʻano he detergent. No ka mea, ʻo ka ʻili o nā substrates he nui i loko o nā hopena wai, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hopena wai alkaline, e lawe pinepine i kahi uku maikaʻi ʻole. I ka wā o ka noi ʻana, e hoʻonohonoho ka surfactant i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili substrate me nā hui hydrophilic i loko a me nā hui hydrophobic i waho, e hana ana i ka ʻili substrate hydrophobic, ʻaʻole kūpono i ka holoi ʻana a hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa nā kahua noi nui o kēia ʻano surfactant mai nā surfactants ʻē aʻe, i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻemi i ka ʻili. Akā, hoʻohana lākou i ko lākou mau ʻano kūkulu no nā noi kūikawā ʻē aʻe.