Ma-surfactants eCationic anonyanya kuva ma-organic amine derivatives ane nitrogen. Sezvo atomu yenitrogen iri mumamorekuru avo iine maerekitironi maviri chete, inogona kusangana nehydrogen mumamorekuru easidhi kuburikidza nemahydrogen bonds, zvichiita kuti boka reamino rive nechaji yakanaka. Saka, anongoratidza basa rakanaka repamusoro chete muacidic media; mualkaline media, anowanzo donha nekurasikirwa nebasa rawo repamusoro. Kuwedzera kune ma-surfactants ecationic ane nitrogen, kunewo chikamu chidiki chema-surfactants ecationic ane zvinhu zvakaita sesarufa, phosphorus, uye arsenic.
1. Mamiriro ebudiriro
Mishonga yeCationic surfactants haina kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri kwenguva yakareba, uye kudiwa kwayo kuri kukura nekukurumidza gore negore. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuti kushandiswa kwayo kukuru kuri mukushandiswa kwakakosha senge mishonga yefungicide, fiber softeners, uye antistatic agents, kushandiswa kwayo kwakaderera kana tichienzanisa nemishonga yeanionic neisina ionic.
Ma "cationic surfactants" anowanzova ne "positive" yakanaka senge emulsification, wetting, washing, sterilization, softening, antistatic, uye anti-corrosion. Nekuda kwe "specialty" uye mashandisirwo awo, ane mukana wakanaka wekuvandudza. Sezvo huwandu hwemashandisirwo emaindasitiri neehurumende huri kuramba huchiwedzera, mhando dzawo uye kudiwa kwadzo zvicharamba zvichiwedzera.
2. Kupatsanura
Mazhinji ma "cationic surfactants" ane kukosha kwekutengeserana anobva mu organic nitrogen compounds, uko "positive charge" inotakurwa nemaatomu e nitrogen. Kunewo mamwe marudzi matsva ema "cationic surfactants" uko "positive charge" inotakurwa nemaatomu akadai se phosphorus, sarufa, iodine, uye arsenic. Zvichienderana nechimiro chemakemikari ema "cationic surfactants", anogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina: amine salt type, quaternary ammonium salt type, uye heterocyclic type.
MaAmine salt-type cationic surfactants izwi rakajairika rekuti primary amine salt, secondary amine salt, uye tertiary amine salt surfactants. Hunhu hwavo hwakafanana zvikuru, uye zvigadzirwa zvakawanda musanganiswa weprimary amines nesecondary amines. Rudzi urwu rwesurfactant inonyanya kuve munyu unoumbwa nemafuta amines uye inorganic acids, uye unonyungudika chete muacidic solutions. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ealkaline, amine salts inosangana nyore nyore nealkalis kugadzira free amines, izvo zvinoderedza kunyungudika kwayo, nokudaro zvichideredza kushandiswa kwayo kusvika pamwero wakati.
Rudzi rwemunyu rweQuaternary ammonium
Ma "quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic surfactants" ndiwo anonyanya kukosha e "cationic surfactants", ane hunhu uye nzira dzekugadzirira dzakasiyana nedze "amine salt-type". Ma "surfactants" akadaro anogona kunyungudika mune zvese zviri zviviri zvine acidic uye alkaline solutions, ane hunhu hwakanaka, uye anowirirana zvakanaka nedzimwe mhando dze "surfactants". Nokudaro, ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana.
Hrudzi rwe eterocyclic
Mhete dzeheterocyclic dziri mumamorekuru ecationic surfactant dzinonyanya kuva nenitrogen dzakadai se morpholine ring, pyridine ring, imidazole ring, piperazine ring uye quinoline ring.
3. Kugadzira
Chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti pave nekugadzira ma "cationic surfactants" iN-alkylation reaction. Pakati pawo, maitiro anoita ma "tertiary amines" ne "alkylating agents" kuti aumbe quaternary ammonium salts anonziwo quaternization reaction.
Alkyl quaternary ammonium munyu
Alkyl quaternary ammonium salts ndeimwe yemhando dzakakosha dze quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic surfactants, uye dzave dzichishandiswa zvakanyanya sefungicides, fiber softeners, mineral flotation agents, emulsifiers, nezvimwewo. Hunhu hwavo hwechimiro ndehwekuti atomu yenitrogen yakabatana nemapoka mana ealkyl, kureva kuti, maatomu ese mana ehydrogen eammonium ion anotsiviwa nemapoka ealkyl. Kazhinji, rimwe chete kana maviri emapoka aya ealkyl ndiwo mapoka ealkyl ehydrocarbon alkyl akareba, uye mapoka ealkyl asara ane atomu imwe kana maviri ekabhoni. Zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo hwechimiro, kune nzira nhatu dzekugadzira alkyl quaternary ammonium salts: inogadzirwa nekuita kwealkyl halides yepamusoro neamines dzepasi, inogadzirwa nekuita kwealkyl amines yepamusoro nealkyl halides dzepasi, uye inogadzirwa ne formaldehyde-formic acid method.
Munyu weQuaternary ammonium une heteroatoms
Zvinonzi quaternary ammonium salts dzine heteroatoms pano zvinowanzoreva quaternary ammonium salts dzine heteroatoms dzakadai seO, N, uye S mumaketani avo ehydrophobic hydrocarbon, kureva kuti, surfactants dzine amide bonds, ether bonds, ester bonds, kana thioether bonds mumapoka avo elipophilic. Sezvo hydrophilic quaternary ammonium cation group nealkyl hydrophobic group zvakabatana kuburikidza nemapoka akadai seamide, ester, ether, kana thioether pane kuti zvive zvakananga, vamwe vanhu vanotaurawo nezve quaternary ammonium salts dzakadai se indirectly linked cationic surfactants.
Munyu weQuaternary ammonium une mhete dzebenzene
Rudzi urwu rwe surfactant runonyanya kushandiswa se bacteriacide, furo, wetting agent, uye dye fixing agent, pakati pezvimwe. Mukugadzira, nzira huru yekuunza aromatic rings ndeyekushandisa benzyl chloride se alkylating reagent kuti iite reaction ne tertiary amines. Benzyl chloride inogadzirwa ne side-chain chlorination reaction ye toluene. Kuti chlorination isatsve pa benzene ring, reaction iyi inofanirwa kuitwa mu enamel kettle kana girazi-lined tower reactor.
Munyu weQuaternary ammonium une heterocycles
Mhete dzeheterocyclic dziri mumamorekuru emunyu wequaternary ammonium dzinonyanya kuva morpholine ring, piperazine ring, pyridine ring, quinoline ring uye imidazole ring, nezvimwewo.
Amunyu wemugodhi
Mishonga yeAmine salt-type cationic surfactants inonyanya kusanganisira mapoka matatu makuru: long-chain alkyl primary amine salts, secondary amine salts, uye tertiary amine salts.
4.Kushandiswa
Ma "cationic surfactants" ane mabasa akanaka akadai sekubvisa utachiona, kupfavisa,antistatic, uye hunhu hwekudzivirira ngura, pamwe chete nehumwe hunhu hwe emulsifying uye wetting. Dzinowanzo shandiswawo se phase transfer catalysts. Zvisinei, rudzi urwu rwe surfactant haruwanzo shandiswa se detergent. Nekuti pamusoro pe substrates dzakawanda mumvura, kunyanya mumvura ine alkaline, kazhinji dzine chaji isina kunaka. Munguva yekushandiswa, surfactant ine positive charge icharonga pamusoro pe substrate nemapoka e hydrophilic mukati uye mapoka e hydrophobic kunze, zvichiita kuti substrate ive hydrophobic, iyo isingakodzeri kugezwa uye inogona kutove nemigumisiro yakaipa. Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo huru dzekushandisa dzerudzi urwu rwe surfactant dzakasiyana nedzimwe surfactants, dzinoshandiswa kuderedza kushushikana kwenzvimbo. Pane kudaro, dzinoshandisa hunhu hwadzo hwemaumbirwo kune mamwe mashandisirwo akakosha.
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-19-2026