O vaila'au fa'aola cationic e tele lava ina maua mai i amine organic e iai le nitrogen. Talu ai o le atomu nitrogen i totonu o latou molecules o lo'o iai se pea electrons lone, e mafai ona tu'ufa'atasia ma le hydrogen i totonu o molecules acid e ala i hydrogen bonds, ma mafua ai ona iai se totogi lelei i le vaega amino. O le mea lea, e na'o le lelei o le gaioiga i luga o le fogaeleele i totonu o le acidic media latou te fa'aalia; i totonu o le alkaline media, e masani ona latou fa'aputu ma leiloa a latou gaioiga i luga. I le fa'aopoopoga i vaila'au fa'aola cationic e iai le nitrogen, e iai fo'i se vaega itiiti o vaila'au fa'aola cationic o lo'o iai elemene e pei o le sulfur, phosphorus, ma le arsenic.
1. Tulaga o le atinaʻe
E le'i fa'aaogaina lautele vaila'au fa'asaina cationic i pisinisi mo se taimi umi, ma o lo latou mana'oga ua vave ona fa'atupula'ia i tausaga ta'itasi. Peita'i, ona o latou fa'aoga autu o lo'o i ai i fa'aoga fa'apitoa e pei o fungicides, fiber softeners, ma antistatic agents, o lo latou fa'aoga e itiiti ifo pe a fa'atusatusa i vaila'au fa'asaina anionic ma non-ionic.
O vailaʻau faʻasaina cationic e masani ona i ai ni uiga lelei e pei o le emulsification, faʻasusu, fufuluina, faʻamamāina, faʻamalūlūina, teteʻe i le static, ma teteʻe i le corrosion. Ona o latou uiga faʻapitoa ma faʻaoga, e iai lo latou gafatia lelei e atiina ae. A o faʻaauau pea ona faʻalauteleina le lautele o faʻaoga tau alamanuia ma sivili, o le a faʻaauau pea ona faʻateleina o latou ituaiga ma le manaʻoga.
2. Fa'avasegaga
O le tele o vailaʻau faʻasaina cationic e taua faapisinisi e maua mai i vailaʻau nitrogen organic, lea e feaveaʻi ai le avega lelei e atomu nitrogen. E iai foʻi nisi ituaiga fou o vailaʻau faʻasaina cationic lea e feaveaʻi ai le avega lelei e atomu e pei o le phosphorus, sulfur, iodine, ma le arsenic. E tusa ai ma le fausaga faʻakemikolo o vailaʻau faʻasaina cationic, e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni vaega e fa: ituaiga amine salt, ituaiga quaternary ammonium salt, ma le ituaiga heterocyclic.
O vaila'au fa'amama cationic ituaiga masima amine o se fa'aupuga lautele mo le masima amine muamua, masima amine lona lua, ma vaila'au fa'amama masima amine lona tolu. E matuā tutusa lava o latou uiga, ma o le tele o oloa o ni fa'afefiloi o amine muamua ma amine lona lua. O lenei ituaiga vaila'au fa'amama o masima ia e faia e amine ga'o ma 'asita inorganic, ma e na'o le soluble i vaila'au acidic e mafai ona soluble. I lalo o tulaga alkaline, e faigofie ona tali atu masima amine ma alkalis e fausia ai amine saoloto, lea e fa'aitiitia ai lo latou solubility, ma fa'atapula'aina ai lo latou lautele o le fa'aoga i se tulaga patino.
Ituaiga masima ammonium quaternary
O vaila'au fa'amama cationic ituaiga quaternary ammonium salt o le ituaiga sili lea ona tāua o vaila'au fa'amama cationic, e eseese o latou uiga ma auala e saunia ai mai vaila'au fa'amama amine. E mafai ona fa'a'a'a'a ia vaila'au fa'amama i vaila'au 'acid' ma vaila'au 'alkalice', e tele ona uiga lelei, ma e fetaui lelei ma isi ituaiga vaila'au fa'amama. O le mea lea, e tele a latou fa'aoga.
Hituaiga eterocyclic
O mama heterocyclic o loʻo i totonu o molelaʻau cationic surfactant e tele lava o mama o loʻo i ai le nitrogen e pei o le mama morpholine, mama pyridine, mama imidazole, mama piperazine ma le mama quinoline.
3. Fa'aputuga
O le tali autū mo le fa'aputuina o cationic surfactants o le tali N-alkylation. O se tasi o ia tali, o le tali lea e tali atu ai tertiary amines ma alkylating agents e fausia ai quaternary ammonium salts e ta'ua fo'i o le tali quaternization.
Masima ammonium quaternary alkyl
O masima alkyl quaternary ammonium o se tasi o ituaiga taua o masima cationic surfactants quaternary ammonium, ma ua faʻaaogaina lautele o ni fungicides, fiber softener, mineral flotation agents, emulsifiers, ma isi. O latou foliga faʻatulagaina o le nitrogen atom e fesoʻotaʻi ma alkyl groups e fa, o lona uiga, o atoms hydrogen uma e fa o le ammonium ion e suia e alkyl groups. E masani lava, e naʻo le tasi pe lua o nei alkyl groups o le long-chain hydrocarbon alkyl groups, ma o alkyl groups o totoe e tasi pe lua carbon atoms. E tusa ai ma o latou foliga faʻatulagaina, e tolu auala autu o le synthesis mo alkyl quaternary ammonium salts: saunia e ala i le tali atu o alkyl halides maualuga ma amines tertiary maualalo, saunia e ala i le tali atu o alkyl amines maualuga ma alkyl halides maualalo, ma saunia e ala i le formaldehyde-formic acid method.
O masima ammonium quaternary o lo'o i ai heteroatoms
O mea ua ta'ua o quaternary ammonium salts o lo'o i ai heteroatoms iinei e masani ona fa'asino i quaternary ammonium salts o lo'o i ai heteroatoms e pei o le O, N, ma le S i a latou hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains, o lona uiga, surfactants o lo'o i ai amide bonds, ether bonds, ester bonds, po'o thioether bonds i a latou lipophilic groups. Talu ai o le hydrophilic quaternary ammonium cation group ma le alkyl hydrophobic group e feso'ota'i e ala i vaega e pei o le amide, ester, ether, po'o le thioether nai lo le feso'ota'i sa'o, o nisi tagata e ta'ua fo'i ia quaternary ammonium salts o ni cationic surfactants feso'ota'i lē tuusa'o.
O masima ammonium quaternary o loʻo i ai mama benzene
O lenei ituaiga o surfactant e faʻaaogaina tele o se mea e fasioti ai siama, faʻapupuna, faʻasusu, ma faʻamautu vali, faʻatasi ai ma isi mea. I le faagasologa o le gaosiga, o le auala autu mo le faʻaofiina o mama manogi o le faʻaaogaina lea o le benzyl chloride o se alkylating reagent e tali atu ai ma amines tertiary. O le Benzyl chloride e saunia e ala i le tali atu o le toluene i le itu o le chlorination. Ina ia ʻalofia le chlorination i luga o le mama benzene, e manaʻomia ona faia lenei tali atu i totonu o se kettle enamel poʻo se reactor olo e laina i tioata.
Masima ammonium quaternary o lo'o i ai heterocycles
O mama heterocyclic o loʻo i totonu o molelaʻau masima ammonium quaternary o le mama morpholine, mama piperazine, mama pyridine, mama quinoline ma le mama imidazole, ma isi.
Aituaiga masima maina
O vaila'au fa'asaina cationic ituaiga masima amine e aofia ai vaega tetele e tolu: masima amine muamua alkyl filifili umi, masima amine lona lua, ma masima amine lona tolu.
4. Talosaga
E iai galuega lelei a le cationic surfactants e pei o le faʻamamāina, faʻamalūlūina,tete'e i le vai, ma meatotino e tete'e ai i le 'ele, fa'apea fo'i ma nisi meatotino emulsifying ma susu. E masani fo'i ona fa'aaogaina o ni mea fa'aoso fesiita'iga o le vaega. Peita'i, e seasea ona fa'aaogaina na'o lenei ituaiga o surfactant e fai ma vaila'au fa'amama. Aua o le fogāeleele o le tele o mea fa'apipi'i i vai, aemaise lava i vai alkaline, e masani ona i ai se totogi leaga. I le taimi o le fa'aogaina, o le surfactant e totogi lelei o le a fa'atulaga i luga o le fogāeleele fa'atasi ai ma vaega hydrophilic i totonu ma vaega hydrophobic i fafo, ma avea ai le fogāeleele o le substrate ma hydrophobic, lea e le fetaui mo le fufuluina ma e ono i ai fo'i ni a'afiaga leaga. E le gata i lea, o vaega autu o le fa'aogaina o lenei ituaiga o surfactant e ese mai isi surfactants, ia e fa'aaogaina e fa'aitiitia ai le fe'avea'i o le fogāeleele. Nai lo lena, latou te fa'aogaina o latou uiga fa'atulagaina mo isi fa'aoga fa'apitoa.
Taimi na lafoina ai: Mati-19-2026