Ihe ndị na-eme ka a na-akpọ cationic surfactants bụ ihe ndị sitere na amine organic nwere nitrogen. Ebe ọ bụ na atọm nitrogen dị na molekul ha nwere naanị elektrọn abụọ, ọ nwere ike ijikọ ya na hydrogen dị na molekul acid site na njikọ hydrogen, na-eme ka otu amino ahụ nwee chajị dị mma. Ya mere, ha na-egosipụta naanị ọrụ dị mma n'elu ala na acidic media; na alkaline media, ha na-emekarị ka ha na-amịpụta ma na-efunahụ ọrụ elu ha. Na mgbakwunye na cationic surfactants nwere nitrogen, enwerekwa obere akụkụ nke cationic surfactants nwere ihe ndị dị ka sulfur, phosphorus, na arsenic.
1.Ọkwa mmepe
A naghị eji cationic surfactants eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụlọ ọrụ kemgbe ogologo oge, ọchịchọ ha na-etokwa ngwa ngwa kwa afọ. Agbanyeghị, ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji ha eme ihe pụrụ iche dịka fungicides, fiber softener, na antistatic agents, ojiji ha dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere anionic na non-ionic surfactants.
Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime cationic na-enwekarị ezigbo ihe ndị dị ka emulsification, wetting, sachaa, sterilization, softening, antistatic, na anti-corrosion. N'ihi ihe onwunwe na ojiji pụrụ iche ha, ha nwere ezigbo ike mmepe. Ka oke ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nke obodo na-aga n'ihu na-agbasa, ụdị na ọchịchọ ha ga-anọgide na-amụba.
2. Nhazi
Ọtụtụ cationic surfactants nwere uru azụmaahịa bụ ihe sitere na ngwakọta nitrogen organic, ebe atọm nitrogen na-ebu chajị positive. E nwekwara ụfọdụ ụdị cationic surfactants ọhụrụ ebe atọm dịka phosphorus, sulfur, iodine, na arsenic na-ebu chajị positive. Dịka usoro kemịkalụ nke cationic surfactants si dị, enwere ike kewaa ha n'ime ụdị anọ: ụdị nnu amine, ụdị nnu ammonium quaternary, na ụdị heterocyclic.
Amine cationic surfactants nke ụdị nnu bụ okwu a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nnu amine nke mbụ, nnu amine nke abụọ, na surfactants nnu amine nke atọ. Àgwà ha yiri nke ukwuu, ọtụtụ ngwaahịa bụkwa ngwakọta nke amine nke mbụ na amine nke abụọ. Ụdị surfactant a bụ nnu nke sitere na amine abụba na asịd inorganic mepụtara, ọ na-agbazekwa naanị na ngwọta acidic. N'okpuru ọnọdụ alkaline, nnu amine na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa na alkalis iji mepụta amine efu, nke na-ebelata ike ịgbaze ha, si otú a na-ebelata oke ojiji ha ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.
Ụdị nnu ammonium nke Quaternary
Ụdị cationic cationic nke Quaternary bụ ụdị cationic surfactants kachasị mkpa, ha nwere àgwà na ụzọ nkwadebe dị iche na nke ụdị nnu amine. Ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgbaze na ngwọta acidic na alkaline, nwee usoro ihe onwunwe dị mma, ma nwee ezigbo ndakọrịta na ụdị surfactants ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, ha nwere ọtụtụ ojiji.
Hụdị eterocyclic
Mgbaaka heterocyclic dị na molekul surfactant cationic bụ ndị nwere nitrogen dịka mgbanaka morpholine, mgbanaka pyridine, mgbanaka imidazole, mgbanaka piperazine na mgbanaka quinoline.
3. Njikọta
Isi ihe na-eme ka a na-emepụta cationic surfactants bụ mmeghachi omume N-alkylation. N'ime ha, mmeghachi omume nke tertiary amine na-emeghachi omume na alkylating iji mepụta nnu ammonium quaternary ka a na-akpọkwa mmeghachi omume quaternization.
Nnu ammonium alkyl quaternary
Nnu ammonium nke alkyl quaternary bụ otu n'ime ụdị dị mkpa nke cationic surfactants nke ụdị nnu quaternary ammonium, a na-ejikwa ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu, ihe na-eme ka eriri dị nro, ihe na-eme ka mineral flotation rụọ ọrụ, ihe na-eme ka ihe dị nro, wdg. Ihe ha na-eme bụ na atọm nitrogen jikọtara ya na otu alkyl anọ, ya bụ, a na-eji otu alkyl dochie atọm hydrogen anọ niile nke ammonium ion. Ọtụtụ mgbe, naanị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ n'ime otu alkyl ndị a bụ otu alkyl hydrocarbon ogologo oge, otu alkyl ndị ọzọ nwekwara otu atom carbon abụọ. Dịka njirimara nhazi ha si dị, enwere ụzọ nhazi atọ maka nnu alkyl quaternary ammonium: nke a kwadebere site na mmeghachi omume nke alkyl halides dị elu na amines dị ala, nke a kwadebere site na mmeghachi omume nke alkyl amines dị elu na alkyl halides dị ala, nke a kwadebere site na usoro formaldehyde-formic acid.
Nnu ammonium nke Quaternary nwere heteroatoms
Nnu a na-akpọ quaternary ammonium nwere heteroatoms ebe a na-ezo aka na nnu ammonium quaternary nke nwere heteroatoms dịka O, N, na S n'ime usoro hydrocarbon hydrophobic ha, ya bụ, surfactants nwere amide bonds, ether bonds, ester bonds, ma ọ bụ thioether bonds n'ime otu lipophilic ha. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikọ otu hydrophilic quaternary ammonium cation na otu alkyl hydrophobic site na otu dị ka amide, ester, ether, ma ọ bụ thioether kama ijikọ ya kpọmkwem, ụfọdụ ndị na-akpọkwa nnu ammonium quaternary dị ka cationic surfactants jikọtara na-apụtaghị ìhè.
Nnu ammonium nke Quaternary nwere mgbaaka benzene
A na-ejikarị ụdị surfactant a eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egbu nje bacteria, ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị nro, ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mmiri mmiri, na ihe na-edozi agba, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ. N'ime usoro mmepụta ahụ, ụzọ bụ isi e si etinye mgbanaka aromatic bụ iji benzyl chloride dị ka ihe na-eme ka alkylating meghachi omume na amine tertiary. A na-akwadebe Benzyl chloride site na mmeghachi omume chlorination n'akụkụ nke toluene. Iji zere chlorination na mgbanaka benzene, a chọrọ ka emee mmeghachi omume a na kettle enamel ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka e nwee ihe na-eme ka e nwee iko.
Nnu ammonium nke Quaternary nwere heterocycles
Mgbaaka heterocyclic dị na molekul nnu ammonium nke quaternary bụkarị mgbanaka morpholine, mgbanaka piperazine, mgbanaka pyridine, mgbanaka quinoline na mgbanaka imidazole, wdg.
Aụdị nnu nke ala ubi
Ihe ndị na-eme ka a na-akpọ cationic surfactants nke ụdị nnu Amine gụnyere isi atọ: nnu amine alkyl primary agbụ ígwè ogologo, nnu amine nke abụọ, na nnu amine nke atọ.
4. Ngwa
Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime cationic rụọ ọrụ dị mma dịka ime ka ihe dị nro, ime ka ihe dị nro,antistatic, na ihe ndị na-egbochi ire ere, yana ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha na mmiri mmiri. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe dị ka ihe na-akpali mgbanwe nke usoro. Agbanyeghị, a naghị eji ụdị surfactant a naanị ya dị ka ihe na-asa ahụ. N'ihi na elu nke ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị na mmiri mmiri, karịsịa na mmiri alkaline, na-ebukarị ụgwọ na-adịghị mma. N'oge a na-etinye ya, surfactant nwere chajị dị mma ga-adị n'elu mmiri ahụ, ya na otu hydrophilic dị n'ime, otu hydrophobic dị n'èzí, na-eme ka elu mmiri ahụ dị hydrophobic, nke na-adịghị mma ịsa ahụ ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ. Na mgbakwunye, isi ihe eji eme ihe nke ụdị surfactant a dị iche na surfactants ndị ọzọ, nke a na-eji ebelata nrụgide elu. Kama, ha na-eji njirimara nhazi ha maka ngwa pụrụ iche ndị ọzọ.
Oge ozi: Maachị-19-2026