Ko ngā matū horoi cationic he matū amine waro kei roto te hauota. Nā te mea kei roto i te ngota hauota he takirua irahiko takitahi, ka taea e ia te hono atu ki te hauwai i roto i ngā ngota waikawa mā roto i ngā here hauwai, ka puta he utu pai ki te rōpū amino. Nō reira, he pai noa iho te mahi mata e whakaatuhia ana e rātou i roto i ngā pāpāho waikawa; i roto i ngā pāpāho kawakore, ka puta he taunga ka ngaro te mahi mata. Haunga ngā matū horoi cationic kei roto te hauota, he iti noa iho ngā matū horoi cationic kei roto ngā huānga pēnei i te whanariki, te whākawa, me te āheniki.
1. Tūnga whanaketanga
Kāore i te whakamahia whānuitia ngā matū horoi kationika i roto i ngā umanga mō te wā roa, ā, kei te tere haere te pikinga o te hiahia mō ēnei matū i ia tau, i ia tau. Heoi, nā te mea ko ā rātou whakamahinga matua kei roto i ngā whakamahinga motuhake pērā i ngā patu harore, ngā whakangawari muka, me ngā kaihoko ārai-pūmau, he iti ake te whakamahinga o ēnei matū ki te whakataurite ki ngā matū horoi anionic me ngā matū kore-ionic.
He pai ngā āhuatanga o ngā matū horoi kationika pērā i te whakaemulsification, te whakamakuku, te horoi, te whakahoromata, te whakangawari, te ārai-static, me te ārai-waikura. Nā ō rātou āhuatanga motuhake me ngā whakamahinga, he pai te kaha whanaketanga. I te mea kei te whānui haere tonu te whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga ahumahi me te ā-iwi, ka piki haere tonu ō rātou momo me te tono.
2. Whakarōpūtanga
Ko te nuinga o ngā matū horoi cationic he uara arumoni he mea ahu mai i ngā pūhui hauota waro, ko ngā ngota hauota te kawenga pai. Kei reira anō hoki ētahi momo matū horoi cationic hou ko ngā ngota pēnei i te phosphorus, te whanariki, te iodine, me te arsenic te kawenga pai. E ai ki te hanganga matū o ngā matū horoi cationic, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā wāhanga e whā: te momo tote amine, te momo tote ammonium quaternary, me te momo heterocyclic.
Ko ngā matū horoi kationika momo tote amine he kupu whānui mō te tote amine tuatahi, te tote amine tuarua, me te matū horoi tote amine tuatoru. He tino ōrite ō rātou āhuatanga, ā, he maha ngā hua he ranunga o ngā amine tuatahi me ngā amine tuarua. Ko tēnei momo matū horoi he tote i hangaia e ngā amine ngako me ngā waikawa inorganic, ā, ka wairewa noa i roto i ngā otinga waikawa. I raro i ngā āhuatanga kawakore, ka ngāwari te tauhohe o ngā tote amine ki ngā kawakore hei hanga i ngā amine kore utu, ka whakaiti i tō rātou wairewatanga, ā, ka whakawhāiti i tō rātou whānuitanga tono ki tētahi taumata.
Ko ngā matū horoi kationika momo tote ammonia quaternary te momo matū horoi kationika tino nui, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga me ngā tikanga whakarite i ērā o te momo tote amine. Ka taea e ēnei matū horoi te rewa i roto i ngā otinga waikawa me te kawakore, he maha ngā āhuatanga pai, ā, he pai te hototahi ki ētahi atu momo matū horoi. Nō reira, he whānuitia ā rātou whakamahinga.
Hmomo eterocyclic
Ko ngā mowhiti heterocyclic kei roto i ngā ngota surfactant cationic he mea kei roto te hauota pērā i te mowhiti morpholine, te mowhiti pyridine, te mowhiti imidazole, te mowhiti piperazine me te mowhiti quinoline.
3. Te Hanganga
Ko te tauhohenga matua mō te hanga i ngā matū horoi cationic ko te tauhohenga N-alkylation. I roto i ēnei, ko te tauhohenga e tauhohe ai ngā amine tuatoru ki ngā kaihoko alkylating hei hanga i ngā tote ammonium quaternary ka kiia hoki ko te tauhohenga quaternization.
Tote ammonia āriki kuawhā
Ko ngā tote ammonia quaternary alkyl tētahi o ngā momo matū cationic nui o te tote ammonia quaternary, ā, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga hei patu harore, hei whakangawari muka, hei kaiwhakarewa kohuke, hei emulsifier, me ētahi atu. Ko tōna āhuatanga hanganga ko te hononga o te ngota hauota ki ngā rōpū alkyl e whā, arā, ko ngā ngota hauwai e whā o te ion ammonia ka whakakapia ki ngā rōpū alkyl. I te nuinga o te wā, kotahi, e rua rānei o ēnei rōpū alkyl he rōpū alkyl hauwai mekameka roa, ā, ko ngā rōpū alkyl e toe ana he kotahi, e rua rānei ngā ngota waro. E ai ki ō rātou āhuatanga hanganga, e toru ngā tikanga hanga mō ngā tote ammonia quaternary alkyl: i whakaritea mā te tauhohenga o ngā alkyl halide teitei me ngā amine tuatoru iti, i whakaritea mā te tauhohenga o ngā alkyl amine teitei me ngā alkyl halide iti, me te whakarite mā te tikanga waikawa formaldehyde-formic.
Ngā tote ammonia kuaterana kei roto ngā heteroatoms
Ko ngā tote ammonia quaternary kei roto ngā heteroatom i konei e pā ana ki ngā tote ammonia quaternary kei roto ngā heteroatom pēnei i te O, N, me te S i roto i ō rātou mekameka hauwaiwai hydrophobic, arā, ngā surfactants kei roto ngā here amide, ngā here ether, ngā here ester, ngā here thioether rānei i roto i ō rātou rōpū lipophilic. Nā te mea ka honoa te rōpū cation ammonia quaternary hydrophilic me te rōpū hydrophobic alkyl mā roto i ngā rōpū pēnei i te amide, ester, ether, thioether rānei, kaua ki te hono tika, ka kīia hoki e ētahi tāngata aua tote ammonia quaternary he surfactants cationic hono ā-kore.
Ngā tote ammonia kuaterana kei roto ngā mowhiti benzene
Ko tēnei momo matū horoi ka whakamahia nuitia hei patu huakita, hei kaiwhakapūpū, hei kaiwhakamākū, hei kaiwhakapūmau tae, me ētahi atu. I roto i te tukanga hanga, ko te tikanga matua mō te whakauru i ngā mowhiti kakara ko te whakamahi i te benzyl chloride hei matū whakapūpū hei tauhohe ki ngā amine tuatoru. Ka whakaritea te Benzyl chloride mā te tauhohenga whakapūpū mekameka taha o te toluene. Hei karo i te whakapūpū i te mowhiti benzene, me whakahaere tēnei tauhohenga i roto i te ipu enamel, i te tauhohenga pourewa kua whakakikoruatia ki te karāhe.
Ngā tote ammonia kuaterana kei roto ngā heterocycles
Ko ngā mowhiti heterocyclic kei roto i ngā ngota tote ammonium quaternary ko te mowhiti morpholine, te mowhiti piperazine, te mowhiti pyridine, te mowhiti quinoline me te mowhiti imidazole, me ētahi atu.
Amomo tote maina
Ko ngā matū horoi cationic momo tote amine e toru ngā wāhanga matua: ko ngā tote amine tuatahi alkyl mekameka-roa, ko ngā tote amine tuarua, me ngā tote amine tuatoru.
4. Tono
He pai ngā mahi a ngā surfactants cationic pērā i te whakahoromata, te whakangawari,ārai-pūmau, me ngā āhuatanga ārai-waikura, me ētahi āhuatanga whakapūkara me te whakamakuku. He maha hoki te whakamahinga hei whakakorikori whakawhiti āhua. Heoi, he onge te whakamahinga o tēnei momo matū horoi hei hopi horoi anake. Nā te mea he maha ngā matū i roto i ngā otinga wai, inā koa i roto i ngā otinga wai kawakore, he utu kino te nuinga. I te wā e whakamahia ana, ka whakaritea te matū horoi utu pai ki runga i te mata o te matū me ngā rōpū hydrophilic ki roto, me ngā rōpū hydrophobic ki waho, ka waiho te mata o te matū hei hydrophobic, kāore e pai mō te horoi, ā, tera pea he pānga kino. Hei tāpiri, he rerekē ngā mara tono matua o tēnei momo matū horoi i ētahi atu matū horoi, e whakamahia ana hei whakaiti i te taumahatanga o te mata. Engari, ka whakamahia e rātou ō rātou āhuatanga hanganga mō ētahi atu tono motuhake.
Wā tuku: Maehe-19-2026