Li-surfactants tsa cationic ke li-derivatives tsa amine tse nang le naetrojene haholo-holo. Kaha athomo ea naetrojene ka har'a limolek'hule tsa tsona e na le para e le 'ngoe ea lielektrone, e ka kopana le haedrojene ka har'a limolek'hule tsa asiti ka libonto tsa haedrojene, e leng se etsang hore sehlopha sa amino se be le tjhaja e ntle. Ka hona, li bontša feela ts'ebetso e ntle ea bokaholimo mecheng ea asiti; mecheng ea alkaline, li na le tšekamelo ea ho potlaka le ho lahleheloa ke ts'ebetso ea tsona ea bokaholimo. Ntle le li-surfactants tsa cationic tse nang le naetrojene, ho boetse ho na le karolo e nyane ea li-surfactants tsa cationic tse nang le likarolo tse kang sebabole, phosphorus le arsenic.
1. Boemo ba ntshetsopele
Li-surfactants tsa cationic ha li so sebelisoe haholo indastering ka nako e telele, 'me tlhoko ea tsona e ntse e eketseha ka potlako selemo le selemo. Leha ho le joalo, kaha ts'ebeliso ea tsona e ka sehloohong e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o ikhethang joalo ka li-fungicides, li-faeba softeners, le li-antistatic agents, ts'ebeliso ea tsona e tlase haholo ha e bapisoa le li-surfactants tsa anionic le tse seng tsa ionic.
Ka kakaretso, di-surfactant tsa cationic di na le thepa e ntle e kang ho emulsification, ho kolobisa, ho hlatswa, ho sterilization, ho nolofatsa, ho thibela ho bola le ho thibela tshenyo. Ka lebaka la thepa le ditshebediso tsa tsona tse ikgethang, di na le bokgoni bo botle ba ntshetsopele. Ha boholo ba ditshebediso tsa indasteri le tsa setjhaba bo ntse bo eketseha, mefuta ya tsona le tlhoko ya tsona di tla tswela pele ho eketseha.
2. Tlhophiso
Bongata ba di-surfactants tsa cationic tse nang le boleng ba kgwebo ke di-derivatives tsa metswako ya naetrojene ya tlhaho, moo tjhaja e ntle e jarwang ke diathomo tsa naetrojene. Hape ho na le mefuta e meng e metjha ya di-surfactants tsa cationic moo tjhaja e ntle e jarwang ke diathomo tse kang phosphorus, sebabole, iodine le arsenic. Ho ya ka sebopeho sa dikhemikhale tsa di-surfactants tsa cationic, di ka arolwa haholo-holo ka mekhahlelo e mene: mofuta wa letswai la amine, mofuta wa letswai la ammonium la quaternary, le mofuta wa heterocyclic.
Li-surfactant tsa mofuta oa letsoai la Amine ke lentsoe le akaretsang bakeng sa letsoai la mantlha la amine, letsoai la bobeli la amine, le li-surfactant tsa letsoai la tertiary amine. Thepa ea tsona e tšoana haholo, 'me lihlahisoa tse ngata ke metsoako ea li-amine tsa mantlha le li-amine tsa bobeli. Mofuta ona oa surfactant ke letsoai le entsoeng ka mafura a amine le li-acid tse sa tsoakoang, 'me o qhibiliha feela ka har'a litharollo tsa asiti. Tlas'a maemo a alkaline, letsoai la amine le arabela habonolo le li-alkali ho etsa li-amine tse lokolohileng, e leng se fokotsang ho qhibiliha ha tsona, ka hona se fokotsa boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea tsona ho isa bohōleng bo itseng.
Mofuta oa letsoai la ammonium oa Quaternary
Li-surfactant tsa cationic tsa mofuta oa ammonium salt-type Quaternary ammonium ke mofuta oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa oa li-surfactant tsa cationic, tse nang le thepa le mekhoa ea ho lokisa e fapaneng le ea tse mofuta oa letsoai la amine. Li-surfactant tse joalo li ka qhibiliha ka har'a litharollo tse nang le asiti le alkaline, li na le letoto la thepa e ntle haholo, 'me li tsamaisana hantle le mefuta e meng ea li-surfactant. Ka hona, li na le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso.
Hmofuta oa eterocyclic
Masale a heterocyclic a fumanehang limolek'huleng tsa cationic surfactant haholo-holo ke a nang le naetrojene joalo ka lesale la morpholine, lesale la pyridine, lesale la imidazole, lesale la piperazine le lesale la quinoline.
3. Ho kopanya
Karabelo e ka sehloohong bakeng sa ho kopanya li-surfactants tsa cationic ke karabelo ea N-alkylation. Har'a tsona, karabelo eo li-amine tse tharo li arabelang ho eona le li-alkylating agents ho theha letsoai la quaternary ammonium e boetse e bitsoa karabelo ea quaternization.
Letswai la alkyl quaternary ammonium
Matswai a ammonium a alkyl quaternary ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea bohlokoa ea li-surfactants tsa cationic tsa mofuta oa letsoai la quaternary ammonium, 'me li sebelisitsoe haholo e le li-fungicide, li-softeners tsa faeba, li-mineral flotation agents, li-emulsifiers, jj. Tšobotsi ea tsona ea sebopeho ke hore athomo ea naetrojene e hokahane le lihlopha tse 'ne tsa alkyl, ke hore, liathomo tsohle tse 'ne tsa haedrojene tsa ion ea ammonium li nkeloa sebaka ke lihlopha tsa alkyl. Hangata, e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli feela tsa lihlopha tsena tsa alkyl ke lihlopha tsa alkyl tsa hydrocarbon tse telele, 'me lihlopha tse setseng tsa alkyl li na le athomo e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tsa carbon. Ho ea ka litšobotsi tsa tsona tsa sebopeho, ho na le mekhoa e meraro ea ho kopanya letsoai la alkyl quaternary ammonium: e lokisitsoeng ke karabelo ea alkyl halides e phahameng ka li-amine tse tlase tsa tertiary, e lokisitsoeng ke karabelo ea alkyl amines e phahameng ka li-alkyl halides tse tlase, 'me e lokisitsoe ke mokhoa oa formaldehyde-formic acid.
Matsoai a ammonium a quaternary a nang le li-heteroatom
Matswai a ammonium a bitswang quaternary a nang le heteroatom mona hangata a bua ka matswai a ammonium a quaternary a nang le heteroatom tse kang O, N, le S ka hara diketane tsa tsona tsa hydrocarbon tse sa hlokeng metsi, ke hore, di-surfactant tse nang le dibonto tsa amide, dibonto tsa ether, dibonto tsa ester, kapa dibonto tsa thioether dihlopheng tsa tsona tse ratang lipophilic. Kaha sehlopha sa hydrophilic quaternary ammonium cation le sehlopha sa alkyl hydrophobic di hokahantswe ka dihlopha tse kang amide, ester, ether, kapa thioether ho ena le ho hokahanngwa ka ho toba, batho ba bang ba boetse ba bua ka matswai a ammonium a quaternary a jwalo e le di-surfactant tse amanang ka tsela e sa tobang.
Matsoai a ammonium a quaternary a nang le masale a benzene
Mofuta ona wa surfactant o sebediswa haholoholo e le sebolaya-dikokwana-hloko, sebolaya-foro, sebolaya-metsi, le sebolaya-dae, hara tse ding. Mokgweng wa ho kopanya, mokgwa o ka sehloohong wa ho hlahisa masale a monko o monate ke ho sebedisa benzyl chloride e le sebolaya-dikokwana-hloko ho arabela le di-amine tse tharo. Benzyl chloride e lokiswa ke karabelo ya chlorination ya ketane e ka thoko ya toluene. Ho qoba chlorination hodima lesale la benzene, karabelo ena e hlokahala hore e etswe ka ketleleng ya enamel kapa sebolaya-dikokwana-hloko se nang le khalase.
Matsoai a ammonium a quaternary a nang le li-heterocycles
Masale a heterocyclic a fumanehang ka har'a limolek'hule tsa letsoai la ammonium tsa quaternary ke haholo-holo lesale la morpholine, lesale la piperazine, lesale la pyridine, lesale la quinoline le lesale la imidazole, jj.
Amofuta oa letsoai la ka
Li-surfactant tsa cationic tsa mofuta oa letsoai la Amine li kenyelletsa haholo-holo mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo: letsoai la mantlha la amine la ketane e telele, letsoai la bobeli la amine, le letsoai la amine la tertiary.
4.Ts'ebeliso
Li-surfactant tsa cationic li na le mesebetsi e metle joalo ka ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, ho nolofatsa,antistatic, le thepa ea ho thibela ho bola, hammoho le thepa e itseng ea ho emulsifying le ho kolobisa. Li boetse li sebelisoa hangata e le li-catalyst tsa phetisetso ea mohato. Leha ho le joalo, mofuta ona oa surfactant ha o sebelisoe hangata e le sesepa. Hobane bokaholimo ba li-substrate tse ngata litharollong tsa metsi, haholo-holo litharollong tsa metsi tsa alkaline, hangata bo na le tjhaja e mpe. Nakong ea ts'ebeliso, surfactant e chariloeng hantle e tla hlophisa bokaholimo ba substrate ka lihlopha tsa hydrophilic ka hare le lihlopha tsa hydrophilic ka ntle, e leng se etsang hore bokaholimo ba substrate bo be hydrophilic, e leng se sa lumelleng ho hlatsuoa 'me se ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe. Ho phaella moo, masimo a mantlha a ts'ebeliso ea mofuta ona oa surfactant a fapane le li-surfactants tse ling, tse sebelisetsoang ho fokotsa tsitsipano ea bokaholimo. Ho e-na le hoo, li sebelisa litšobotsi tsa tsona tsa sebopeho bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ling tse ikhethang.
Nako ea poso: Hlakubele-19-2026