Ama-surfactant e-cationic ngokuyinhloko angama-organic amine derivatives aqukethe i-nitrogen. Njengoba i-athomu ye-nitrogen kuma-molecule ayo iqukethe i-electron eyodwa, ingahlangana ne-hydrogen kuma-molecule e-acid ngokusebenzisa izibopho ze-hydrogen, okubangela ukuthi iqembu lama-amino lithwale i-chaji enhle. Ngakho-ke, abonisa umsebenzi omuhle wobuso kuphela kuma-acidic media; kuma-alkaline media, avame ukushesha futhi alahlekelwe umsebenzi wawo wobuso. Ngaphezu kwama-cationic surfactant aqukethe i-nitrogen, kukhona nengxenye encane yama-cationic surfactants aqukethe izinto ezifana ne-sulfur, i-phosphorus, ne-arsenic.
1. Isimo sokuthuthukiswa
Ama-surfactants e-cationic awazange asetshenziswe kabanzi embonini isikhathi eside, futhi isidingo sawo besikhula ngokushesha unyaka nonyaka. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo okuyinhloko kusekusetshenzisweni okukhethekile njenge-fungicides, i-fiber softeners, kanye nama-antistatic agents, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants e-anionic kanye ne-non-ionic.
Ama-surfactant e-cationic ngokuvamile anezakhiwo ezinhle ezifana ne-emulsification, ukumanzisa, ukuwasha, ukubulala amagciwane, ukuthambisa, ukuvimbela ukugqwala, kanye nokulwa nokugqwala. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezikhethekile kanye nezicelo, anamandla amahle okuthuthukiswa. Njengoba ububanzi bezicelo zezimboni nezomphakathi buqhubeka nokukhula, izinhlobo zazo kanye nesidingo sazo sizoqhubeka nokukhula.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa
Iningi lama-surfactants e-cationic anenani lezentengiselwano livela kuma-organic nitrogen compounds, lapho i-positive charge ithwalwa ngama-athomu e-nitrogen. Kukhona nezinhlobo ezintsha zama-surfactants e-cationic lapho i-positive charge ithwalwa ngama-athomu afana ne-phosphorus, i-sulfur, i-iodine, ne-arsenic. Ngokwesakhiwo samakhemikhali sama-surfactants e-cationic, angahlukaniswa kakhulu ngezigaba ezine: uhlobo lwe-amine salt, uhlobo lwe-quaternary ammonium salt, kanye nohlobo lwe-heterocyclic.
Ama-surfactants e-cationic ohlobo lwe-amine salt ayigama elijwayelekile likasawoti we-amine oyinhloko, usawoti we-amine wesibili, kanye nama-surfactants e-tertiary amine salt. Izakhiwo zawo zifana kakhulu, futhi imikhiqizo eminingi iyingxube yama-amine ayinhloko nama-amine esibili. Lolu hlobo lwe-surfactant luwusawoti owakhiwa ama-amine anamafutha kanye nama-asidi angaphili, futhi luncibilika kuphela ezixazululweni ze-asidi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline, usawoti we-amine usabela kalula nama-alkali ukuze akhe ama-amine amahhala, okunciphisa ukuncibilika kwawo, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwawo ngezinga elithile.
Uhlobo lukasawoti lwe-ammonium olune-quaternary
Ama-surfactants e-cationic e-quaternary ammonium salt-type ayizinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-surfactants e-cationic, anezakhiwo nezindlela zokulungiselela ezihlukile kulezo zama-amine salt-type. Ama-surfactants anjalo angancibilika kokubili ezixazululweni ze-acidic kanye ne-alkaline, abe nochungechunge lwezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu, futhi abe nokuhambisana okuhle nezinye izinhlobo zama-surfactants. Ngakho-ke, anezinhlobo eziningi zokusebenza.
Huhlobo lwe-eterocyclic
Amasongo e-heterocyclic aqukethwe kuma-molecule e-cationic surfactant ikakhulukazi aqukethe i-nitrogen njenge-morpholine ring, i-pyridine ring, i-imidazole ring, i-piperazine ring kanye ne-quinoline ring.
3. Ukwenziwa
Ukusabela okuyinhloko kokwenziwa kwama-surfactants e-cationic yi-N-alkylation reaction. Phakathi kwazo, ukusabela lapho ama-tertiary asabela khona nama-alkylating agents ukuze akhe usawoti we-quaternary ammonium kubizwa nangokuthi i-quaternization reaction.
Usawoti we-alkyl quaternary ammonium
Usawoti we-alkyl quaternary ammonium ungenye yezinhlobo ezibalulekile zama-surfactants e-cationic e-quaternary ammonium salt-type, futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi njenge-fungicides, i-fibre softeners, ama-mineral flotation agents, ama-emulsifiers, njll. Isici sabo sokwakheka ukuthi i-athomu ye-nitrogen ixhunywe namaqembu amane e-alkyl, okungukuthi, wonke ama-athomu amane e-hydrogen e-ammonium ion athathelwa indawo amaqembu e-alkyl. Ngokuvamile, elilodwa noma amabili kuphela kula maqembu e-alkyl angamaqembu e-alkyl e-hydrocarbon asebenza ngochungechunge olude, kanti amaqembu e-alkyl asele ane-athomu elilodwa noma amabili e-carbon. Ngokwezici zawo zokwakheka, kunezindlela ezintathu zokwenziwa kwama-alkyl quaternary ammonium salts: alungiselelwe ngokuphendula kwama-alkyl halides aphezulu nama-amine aphansi e-tertiary, alungiselelwe ngokuphendula kwama-alkyl amine aphezulu nama-alkyl halides aphansi, futhi alungiselelwe ngendlela ye-formaldehyde-formic acid.
Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary oqukethe ama-heteroatom
Ama-salt abizwa ngokuthi ama-quaternary ammonium aqukethe ama-heteroatom lapha ngokuvamile abhekisela kuma-salt a-quaternary ammonium aqukethe ama-heteroatom afana ne-O, N, kanye ne-S emaketangeni awo e-hydrophobic hydrocarbon, okungukuthi, ama-surfactant aqukethe ama-amide bond, ama-ether bond, ama-ester bond, noma ama-thioether bond emaqenjini awo e-lipophilic. Njengoba iqembu le-hydrophilic quaternary ammonium cation kanye neqembu le-alkyl hydrophobic lixhunywe ngamaqembu afana ne-amide, i-ester, i-ether, noma i-thioether kunokuba lixhunywe ngqo, abanye abantu babhekisela kuma-salt anjalo e-quaternary ammonium njengama-surfactant e-cationic axhunywe ngokungaqondile.
Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary oqukethe izindandatho ze-benzene
Lolu hlobo lwe-surfactant lusetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-bactericide, i-foam agent, i-wetting agent, kanye ne-dye fixing agent, phakathi kwezinye. Enqubweni yokwenziwa, indlela eyinhloko yokwethula izindandatho ze-aromatic ukusebenzisa i-benzyl chloride njenge-alkylating reagent ukuze isabelane nama-tertiary amines. I-Benzyl chloride ilungiswa yi-side-chain chlorination reaction ye-toluene. Ukuze kugwenywe i-chlorination ering ye-benzene, lokhu kusabela kuyadingeka ukuthi kwenziwe e-enamel kettle noma kwi-tower reactor enengilazi.
Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary oqukethe ama-heterocycle
Amasongo e-heterocyclic aqukethwe kuma-molecule kasawoti we-quaternary ammonium ikakhulukazi yindandatho ye-morpholine, indandatho ye-piperazine, indandatho ye-pyridine, indandatho ye-quinoline kanye nendandatho ye-imidazole, njll.
Auhlobo lukasawoti lwami
Ama-surfactants e-cationic ohlobo lwe-amine salt ahlanganisa kakhulu izigaba ezintathu ezinkulu: usawoti we-alkyl primary amine we-chain ende, usawoti we-secondary amine, kanye nosawoti we-tertiary amine.
4. Isicelo
Ama-surfactant e-cationic anemisebenzi emihle njengokubulala amagciwane, ukuthambisa,i-antistatic, kanye nezakhiwo zokulwa nokugqwala, kanye nezakhiwo ezithile zokuhlanganisa nokumanzisa. Zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokudlulisa isigaba. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-surfactant aluvamile ukusetshenziswa lodwa njengensipho. Ngoba ubuso bezingxenye eziningi ezixazululweni zamanzi, ikakhulukazi ezixazululweni zamanzi ze-alkaline, ngokuvamile buthwala ishaja engemihle. Ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, i-surfactant ekhokhiswe kahle izohlela ebusweni be-substrate namaqembu e-hydrophilic ngaphakathi namaqembu e-hydrophobic ngaphandle, okwenza ubuso be-substrate bube hydrophobic, okungafaneleki ukugeza futhi kungaba nemiphumela emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasimu okusetshenziswa ayinhloko alolu hlobo lwe-surfactant ahlukile kwamanye ama-surfactant, asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kobuso. Esikhundleni salokho, basebenzisa izici zawo zesakhiwo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-19-2026