Sofaktiyo ya Cationic

Ibikoresho bya Cationic byiganjemo amine y’umwimerere irimo azote. Kubera ko atome ya azote iri muri molekile zabo irimo elektroni ebyiri, ishobora guhuzwa na azote iri muri molekile za aside binyuze mu migozi ya hydrogen, bigatuma itsinda rya amino rigira imbaraga nziza. Kubwibyo, bigaragaza gusa imikorere myiza y’ubuso mu byuma bya aside; mu byuma bya alkaline, bikunda kwihuta no gutakaza imikorere yabyo y’ubuso. Uretse ibikoresho bya cationic birimo azote, hari kandi n’igice gito cya cationic surfactants irimo ibintu nka sulfur, fosifore, na arsenic.

1. Imiterere y'iterambere

Imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura imiterere y’ibinyabutabire (cationic surfactants) imaze igihe kinini idakoreshwa cyane mu nganda, kandi icyifuzo cyayo cyakomeje kwiyongera cyane umwaka ku wundi. Ariko, kubera ko ikoreshwa ryayo ry’ingenzi ari mu bintu byihariye nka fungicides, fibre softeners, na antistatic agents, ikoreshwa ryayo ni rito ugereranije n’imiti ikoreshwa mu gukamura imiterere y’ibinyabutabire (anionic surfactants) n’iyikoreshwa mu gukamura imiterere y’ibinyabutabire (non-ionic surfactants).

Muri rusange, imiti ya Cationic surfactants ifite imiterere myiza nko gukurura, gukaraba, gukaraba, koroshya, kurwanya static, no kurwanya corrosion. Bitewe n'imiterere yayo yihariye n'ikoreshwa ryayo, ifite ubushobozi bwo guteza imbere. Uko ibikorwa byo mu nganda n'ibya leta bikomeza kwaguka, ubwoko bwayo n'ubusabe bwayo bizakomeza kwiyongera.

2. Gushyira mu byiciro

Inyinshi mu nganda zikora cationic surfactants zifite agaciro k’ubucuruzi ni ibintu bikomoka ku bintu bya azote bikomoka ku binyabutabire, aho charge nziza itwarwa na atome za azote. Hariho kandi ubwoko bushya bwa surfactants za cationic aho charge nziza itwarwa na atome nka fosifore, sulfur, iyode, na arsenic. Dukurikije imiterere ya shimi ya surfactants za cationic, zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bine: ubwoko bwa amine salt, ubwoko bwa quaternary ammonium salt, n'ubwoko bwa heterocyclic.

Aubwoko bw'umunyu wo mu kirombe

Ibikoresho bya cationic by’ubwoko bwa amine umunyu ni ijambo rusange rikoreshwa mu kuvuga umunyu wa amine w’ibanze, umunyu wa amine w’ibanze, n’ibikoresho bya amine by’ibanze. Imiterere yabyo isa cyane, kandi ibicuruzwa byinshi ni uruvange rw’ibikoresho bya amine by’ibanze n’ibikoresho bya amine by’ibanze. Ubu bwoko bwa surfactant ahanini ni umunyu ukorwa n’ibinure na aside inorganic, kandi bushongeshwa gusa mu bisubizo bya aside. Mu gihe cy’imiterere ya alkaline, umunyu wa amine ukorana byoroshye na alkali kugira ngo ukore amine yigenga, ibi bigabanya gushonga kwayo, bityo bikagabanya ubushobozi bwayo bwo kuyikoresha ku rugero runaka.

Ubwoko bw'umunyu wa ammonium wa Quaternary

Ibyuma bifasha mu gukamura imiterere y’umunyu bya ammonium bya Quaternary ni byo bintu by’ingenzi cyane mu gukamura imiterere y’umunyu bya ammonium, bifite imiterere n’uburyo bwo kubitegura bitandukanye n’iby’umunyu wa amine. Ibyuma bifasha mu gukamura imiterere y’umunyu bishobora gushonga mu buryo bwa aside na alkaline, bifite imiterere myiza cyane, kandi bihura neza n’ubundi bwoko bwa surfactants. Kubwibyo, bifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kubikoresha.

Hubwoko bwa eterocyclic

Impeta za heterocyclic zikubiye muri molekile za cationic surfactant ahanini ni izirimo azote nka morpholine ring, pyridine ring, imidazole ring, piperazine ring na quinoline ring.

3. Gutunganya

Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukora cationic surfactants ni N-alkylation reaction. Muri zo, uburyo tertiary amines zigirana n'ibintu bitera alkylating agents bigatera quaternary ammonium salts nabyo byitwa quaternization reaction.

Umunyu wa aruminiyumu wa alkili

Umunyu wa alkyl quaternary ammonium ni bumwe mu bwoko bw'ingenzi bwa surfactants za cationic zo mu bwoko bwa quaternary ammonium, kandi zakoreshejwe cyane nk'imiti yica udukoko, fibre softeners, mineral flotation agents, emulsifiers, nibindi. Imiterere yazo ni uko atome ya azote ihujwe n'amatsinda ane ya alkyl, ni ukuvuga ko atome enye za hydrogen za iyoni ya ankyonium zisimburwa n'amatsinda ya alkyl. Ubusanzwe, rimwe cyangwa abiri muri aya matsinda ya alkyl ni yo matsinda maremare ya alkyl hydrocarbon, naho andi matsinda ya alkyl afite atome imwe cyangwa ebyiri za karuboni. Dukurikije imiterere yazo, hari uburyo butatu bwo gukora umunyu wa alkyl quaternary ammonium: butegurwa hakoreshejwe reaction ya alkyl halides nyinshi hamwe na amine zo hasi, butegurwa hakoreshejwe reaction ya alkyl amine nyinshi hamwe na alkyl halides zo hasi, kandi butegurwa hakoreshejwe formaldehyde-formic acid method.

Umunyu wa ammonium wa Quaternary urimo heteroatom

Aha ngaha, icyitwa umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary urimo heteroatom, muri rusange bivuze umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary urimo heteroatom nka O, N, na S mu miyoboro yabo ya hydrophobic hydrocarbon, ni ukuvuga surfactants zirimo amide bonds, ether bonds, ester bonds, cyangwa thioether bonds mu matsinda yabo ya lipophilic. Kubera ko itsinda rya hydrophilic quaternary ammonium cation hamwe na alkyl hydrophobic group bihujwe binyuze mu matsinda nka amide, ester, ether, cyangwa thioether aho kuba bihujwe mu buryo butaziguye, hari abantu bavuga ko umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary ari surfactants zihujwe mu buryo butaziguye.

Umunyu wa ammonium wa Quaternary urimo impeta za benzene

Ubu bwoko bwa surfactant bukoreshwa cyane cyane nk'umuti urwanya bagiteri, umuti utera ifuro, umuti utose, n'umuti ushyiraho irangi, n'ibindi. Mu gikorwa cyo gukora isesengura, uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gushyiramo impeta zihumura ni ugukoresha benzyl chloride nk'umuti ugabanya alkylating kugira ngo uhuze na amine za tertiary. Benzyl chloride itegurwa na toluene ikora chlorination. Kugira ngo hirindwe chlorination ku mpeta ya benzene, iyi reaction isabwa gukorwa mu gikoresho cya enamel cyangwa mu kirahuri cy'umunara.

Umunyu wa ammonium wa Quaternary urimo heterocycles

Impeta za heterocyclic zikubiye mu ngirabuzimafatizo z'umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary ni inyinshi muri morpholine ring, piperazine ring, pyridine ring, quinoline ring na imidazole ring, n'ibindi.

Aubwoko bw'umunyu wo mu kirombe

Umunyu wa amine ugizwe n'ibice bitatu by'ingenzi: umunyu wa amine w'ingenzi w'uruhererekane rurerure, umunyu wa amine w'inyongera, n'umunyu wa amine w'inyongera.

4. Gukoresha

Ibyuma bifasha mu kuvura indwara za Cationic bifite akazi keza nko gusukura, koroshya,antistatic, n'ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese, ndetse n'ubushobozi bumwe na bumwe bwo gukurura no kunywesha. Bikunze gukoreshwa nk'ibitera imbaraga mu kwimura ibintu. Ariko, ubu bwoko bwa surfactant ntibukunze gukoreshwa bwonyine nk'isabune. Kubera ko ubuso bw'ibintu byinshi biri mu bisubizo by'amazi, cyane cyane mu bisubizo by'amazi bya alkaline, akenshi bugira charge mbi. Mu gihe cyo gukoresha, surfactant ifite charge nziza izashyira ku buso bw'ibintu bifite hydrophilic imbere n'ubwoko bwa hydrophobic hanze, bigatuma ubuso bw'ibintu bifite hydrophobic butagira hydrophobic, budashobora gukaraba kandi bushobora no kugira ingaruka mbi. Byongeye kandi, ahantu hakoreshwa cyane muri ubu bwoko bwa surfactant hatandukanye n'ahandi hakoreshwa surfactants, zikoreshwa mu kugabanya ubukana bw'ubuso. Ahubwo, zikoresha imiterere yazo mu bundi buryo bwihariye.