Pakadali pano, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo okha komanso mu mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo. Mu 1993, mankhwala ophera tizilombo padziko lonse lapansi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito anali pafupifupi matani 230,000, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi 3.3% ya mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ku United States, mtengo wogulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo unapanga pafupifupi 6% ya msika wake wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Hafu ya mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo mu 1992 ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ambiri mwa iwo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ku China, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ophera tizilombo anali pafupifupi matani 40,000, ndipo pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu anali ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kusintha mankhwala ophera tizilombo osasamalidwa bwino kukhala mankhwala ophera tizilombo oyenera. Monga mankhwala othandizira, samangowonjezera mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso amachepetsa mlingo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, amachepetsa mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku chilengedwe, komanso amapereka phindu lalikulu pakupanga ulimi. Komabe, popeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala apadera omwe ali ndi mphamvu yamphamvu ya zamoyo, ndipo zolinga zawo zowongolera, zinthu zotetezedwa, ndi mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ndizovuta kwambiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kusankhidwa ndikupangidwa malinga ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a zipangizo zaukadaulo, komanso poganizira momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombowo amakhudzira zamoyo zomwe akufuna.
Zotsatirazi zikuyang'ana kwambiri pakuyambitsa malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mitundu itatu ya ma surfactants.
Pogwiritsa ntchito micellar action ya surfactants, kusungunuka kwa zipangizo zamakono zomwe sizisungunuka bwino mu zosungunulira kumawonjezeka kwambiri, komwe kumadziwika kuti kusungunuka. Surfactants yokhala ndi HLB ya 15–18 ikhoza kugwira ntchito ngati zosungunulira, koma kusungunuka kumachitika pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwa solubilizer kupitirira kuchuluka kwa micelle kofunikira. Pakadali pano, mankhwala osasungunuka bwino amasungidwa mkati mwa micelles ndi magulu a lipophilic a solubilizer, pomwe magulu a hydrophilic a solubilizer amakhalabe m'madzi, motero zimathandiza kuti mankhwala osakhala a polar asungunuke m'madzi.
Zosakaniza zimatha kulepheretsa kapena kuletsa kusonkhana kwa tinthu tolimba kapena tamadzimadzi mu dongosolo logawanitsa ndikusunga kufalikira kwawo kofanana kwa nthawi yayitali. Zosakaniza zimamira pamalo olumikizirana ndi mafuta kapena pamwamba pa tinthu tolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi kapena chotchinga cha steric chotchinga kuzungulira tinthuto, zomwe zimathandiza kuti tinthu ta mankhwala ophera tizilombo tisamabwererenso panthawi yopangira ndi kusungira. Zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala anionic surfactants okhala ndi mphete zingapo, monga sodium salts ya alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, naphthalene sulfonic acid-formaldehyde condensates, ndi lignosulfonates. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zosakaniza za polymeric (monga sodium polycarboxylate) ndizofunikira kwambiri pokonzekera madzi osungunuka chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zosakaniza, komanso kuthekera kwawo kuyika mphamvu pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono togawidwa ndikupanga chotchinga chachikulu cha steric.
Mankhwala osakaniza ndi otchuka pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zophera tizilombo zimapezeka bwino, komanso kupewa kusafanana komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri posakaniza mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mankhwala oterewa ndi osakanikirana opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo osasungunuka m'madzi komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo osasungunuka m'madzi okhala ndi madzi ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi zinthu zophera tizilombo komanso zinthu zophera tizilombo ngati zinthu zothandizira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatha kuonedwa ngati kuphatikiza kwa SC ndi EW. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zophera tizilombo, zofalitsira, zothina, ndi zina. Mtundu uwu wa mankhwala sumangokhala ndi vuto la kugwedezeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi madontho a mafuta omwe amapezeka mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo a SC ndi EW, komanso zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kuchita mayeso osiyanasiyana ozizira komanso otentha pamavuto osiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-09-2026