Akwai nau'ikan surfactants da yawa. An tsara su bisa ga yawan samarwa: surfactants na anionic sun kai 56 %, ba-ionic surfactants 36 %, amphoteric surfactants 5 %, da kuma cationic surfactants 3 %.
2. Abubuwan da ke haifar da Anionic
2.1 Sulfonate-Nau'in Anionic Surfactants
Nau'in surfactants da aka fi sani da wannan nau'in sun haɗa da sodium linear-alkylbenzene sulfonate da sodiumαsinadarin sulfonate na olefin.
Layin sodium-alkylbenzene sulfonate, wanda kuma aka sani da LAS ko ABS, fari ne ko fale-falen ƙarfe-foda mai launin rawaya ko mai laushi, mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Yana nuna rashin narkewar ruwa a ƙananan yanayin zafi, tare da narkewar ruwa a ƙasa da digiri 3 a yanayin zafi na yanayi; duk da haka, yana narkewa sosai a cikin tsarin surfactant masu haɗaka. Yana da daidaito idan aka kwatanta da alkalis, acid mai narkewa da ruwan tauri, tare da zafin narkewa na 240℃. 10 ne Maganin kashi yana da ma'aunin ƙaiƙayi na 5.0, kuma lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta na 80 %-90 %, da kuma LD₅₀na 1300-2500 mg/kg.
Sodiumαolefin sulfonate, wanda aka fi sani da AOS, yana bayyana a matsayin ruwa mai haske mai launin rawaya a cikin wani abu mai aiki.-abun ciki na 38 %-40 %, kuma yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa. Yana kiyaye kwanciyar hankali mai kyau a kan kewayon pH mai faɗi; bayan kwana uku a 30℃, ƙimar hydrolysis shine 0 a pH 2, pH 4 da pH 10. Yana da ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi a fata, 100 % na lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma LD₅₀na 1300-2400 mg/kg.
Ba a amfani da LAS a shamfu kuma ba kasafai ake ƙara shi a cikin man shawa ba. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke da kwano.-Ruwan wanke-wanke. A cikin kwano-Ruwan wanke-wanke, LAS na iya zama kusan rabin jimlar abubuwan da ke cikin surfactant; a cikin sabulun wanki, ana iya daidaita rabonsa a fannoni daban-daban.
LAS yana nuna kyakkyawan narkewar ruwa galibi a yanayin zafi mai yawa (misali 60℃) ko kuma idan aka haɗa shi da wasu wasu sinadaran da ke cikin ruwa. Tsarin hadadden abinci na yau da kullun don abinci-ruwan wanke-wanke shine"LAS-AES-Hukumar Gudanarwa (FFA)"Ga sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa, sinadaran da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da"LAS-tushen sabulu―·SAA"Ya kamata a lura cewa haɗa LAS kai tsaye da wanda ba-alkanolamide na ionic surfactant bazai iya samar da sakamako mai gamsarwa ba;"LAS-Hukumar Gudanarwa (FFA)"tsarin ba shi da ƙarfi, yana da ƙarancin ɗanko kuma yana samar da kamannin farin madara.
LAS ita ce mafi girma-girma (290) kt/a) da kuma mafi arha roba surfactant. Daga cikin manyan-Na'urorin surfactant guda biyar ta hanyar fitarwa, LAS tana da mafi ƙarancin farashi, wanda aka kwatanta da tushen sabulu (mai mai)-sabulun acid) a tsakanin magungunan anionic na gargajiya. Manyan fa'idodinsa sune kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali, kayan sawa masu ƙarfi da ƙarancin farashi; babban rashin kyawunsa shine babban ƙaiƙayi.
Daga cikin sulfonate-Ajin surfactants, AOS yana ba da mafi kyawun aiki. Yana riƙe ko ƙara fa'idodin sulfonates gabaɗaya yayin da yake guje wa raunin su. AOS yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan surfactants da ake amfani da su a cikin shamfu da gels na shawa. Amfani da shi a cikin wasu sabulun ruwa zai faɗaɗa a hankali yayin da samar da kayayyaki a cikin gida ke ƙara zama wuri ɗaya kuma yana rage farashinsa. Babban ƙarfinsa ya haɗa da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali, kyakkyawan narkewar ruwa, dacewa mai kyau, ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi da kuma kyakkyawan lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta. Babban rauninsa shine farashinsa mai tsada a tsakanin surfactants anionic.
2.2 Sulfate-Nau'in Anionic Surfactants
Manyan sinadaran da ke cikin wannan rukuni sune sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate da sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, wanda kuma ake kira AES ko alcohol ether sulfate, yana narkewa cikin ruwa cikin sauƙi. A digiri 70 % aiki-abun ciki na abu, yana da launin kore-rawaya mai kauri (rabi-rabi)-ruwa mai haske. Kwanciyarsa ta yi ƙasa da ta sulfonates na yau da kullun. Yana narkewa cikin sauri ƙasa da pH Duk da haka yana da kyakkyawan daidaiton hydrolytic a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline. Bayan uku.-ajiyar rana a karfe 30℃, yawan hydrolysis ɗinsa ya kai 100 %, 50 % da 0 a pH 2, pH 4 da pH 10 bi da bi. Yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi mai sauƙi, tare da ma'aunin ƙaiƙayi na 2.3 ga 10 % na mafita, ya cimma sama da 90 % na lalacewar halitta, kuma yana da LD₅₀na 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, wanda aka fi sani da AS, K12, kwakwa alcohol sulfate ko sodium lauryl sulfate (wakilin kumfa), yana narkewa a cikin ruwa tare da narkewar kusan 15 a 25℃, ƙasa da na AES. Ba ya jin alkalis da ruwan tauri, amma bai da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic fiye da na gabaɗaya na sulfonates (wanda aka kwatanta da AES). Dogon-dumama na tsawon lokaci bai kamata ya wuce 95 ba℃Yana nuna matsakaicin ƙaiƙayi a tsakanin surfactants; ma'aunin ƙaiƙayi na 10 % na maganin shine 3.3, ya fi AES girma kuma ya fi LAS ƙasa, tare da LD₅₀na 1300 mg/kg.
Ana iya amfani da AES a cikin shamfu, gel na shawa, da kuma kayan kwalliya-ruwan wanke-wanke da sabulun wanke-wanke. Inda takamaiman pH na samfurin ya ba da izini, ya kamata a ɗaga pH gwargwadon yiwuwa zuwa tsaka tsaki ko rauni-Matakan alkaline. Idan dole ne a yi amfani da AES a ƙananan ƙimar pH (kamar yadda yake a cikin shamfu), yawanci ana amfani da sifar gishirin ethanolamine. AES yana da ruwa mafi kyau.-Narkewa fiye da AS kuma ana iya tsara shi zuwa ruwan da ke da haske a kowane rabo a zafin ɗaki. Idan aka kwatanta da LAS, AES yana jin daɗin amfani da shi sosai a cikin sabulun ruwa da kuma dacewa mafi kyau; yana iya samar da ruwan da ke da haske ta hanyar binary ko multi-Haɗa sinadaran da surfactants da yawa. A matsayi na uku a cikin yawan samarwa tsakanin surfactants na roba, AES ya fi AS tsada; a 2002, farashin ya kai 70 Kashi na AES ya tsaya a 8500 yuan a kowace tan. Ana darajar AES don ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi, ingantaccen narkewar ruwa, kyakkyawan jituwa da aiki mai kyau wajen hana bushewar fata da ƙaiƙayi. Rashin kyawunsa shine matsakaicin rashin daidaito a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da acid.—Dole ne a kiyaye pH mai kyau sama da 4—kuma kayan sawansa sun fi LAS da AS rauni.
Idan aka haɗa AS cikin sabulun ruwa, dole ne a sarrafa matakin pH don guje wa yawan acidity. Don shamfu da shawa-Ana buƙatar hadadden gel, gishirin ethanolamine ko ammonium. Gishirin ethanolamine ba wai kawai yana ƙara acid ba-kwanciyar hankali na juriya amma kuma yana taimakawa wajen rage ƙaiƙayi; Maganin gishirin triethanolamine % yana ba da ma'aunin ƙaiƙayi na 3.0. Ba kasafai ake amfani da AS a cikin abinci ba-Ruwan wanke-wanke kuma ba kasafai yake aiki a matsayin babban surfactant ba (ƙarancin adadin da ake buƙata a cikin sinadaran), galibi saboda yana ƙara farashin samarwa kuma irin waɗannan samfuran ba su da buƙatar ƙarfin kumfa. AS tana matsayi na biyar a cikin fitarwa tsakanin surfactants na roba kuma tana da farashi mai girma; ana sayar da foda ɗinta akan 15000 yuan a kowace tan a shekarar 2002. Baya ga ƙarfin kumfa mai yawa da kuma ƙarfi na sabulun wanki, AS ba ta cika yin aiki da AES a mafi yawan fannoni ba: daidaiton acid ɗinta ya ɗan yi ƙasa da haka, ƙaiƙayinsa yana da yawa (ƙasa da LAS kawai), kuma yana da mafi girman farashi tsakanin masu haɗakar anionic.
3.Maganin surfactant mara ionic
Babban nau'ikan da ba na asali ba-Abubuwan da ke cikin ionic sun haɗa da alkanolamide (FFA), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), da alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE ko OP).-Ionic surfactants suna da kyakkyawan narkewa, sabulun wanki, aikin antistatic, ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi, da kyakkyawan lemun tsami.-Ikon watsa sabulu. Matsayin pH ɗinsu na aiki ya fi na masu aikin ionic surfactants na yau da kullun. Banda ikon wankewa da kumfa, sauran kaddarorinsu galibi sun fi na masu aikin anionic surfactants na yau da kullun. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ƙara ƙaramin adadin abubuwan da ba su da amfani-ionic surfactant zuwa tsarin ionic surfactant na iya inganta aikin saman tsarin, idan aka kwatanta da aiki iri ɗaya.-abun ciki na abu.
Alkanolamides suna cikin rukunin marasa-ionic surfactants masu kyakkyawan aiki, faffadan aikace-aikace da kuma yawan amfani da su, kuma ana amfani da su a cikin sabulun ruwa daban-daban.-alkanolamides da ake amfani da su a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa sune"AMIDE 2:1"kuma"amide 1.5:1"; "amidi 1:1"ana iya amfani da su. Waɗannan nau'ikan guda uku sun bambanta a ruwa-aikin narkewa da kauri. Gabaɗaya,"amide 1.5:1"yana da matsakaicin ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke. Yawanci,"amidi 1:1"yana narkewa cikin sauƙi ne kawai idan aka haɗa shi da wasu ruwa-Allunan da ke narkewa a jiki. Alkanolamides sun fi dacewa da sabulun alkaline kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin sabulun da ke da ɗan acidic. Alkanolamide shine mafi ƙanƙanta-iri-iri masu tsada daga cikin waɗanda ba-ionic surfactants, farashinsa ya kai RMB 7,800 a kowace tan a shekarar 2002. Ana amfani da alkanolamides fiye da fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers a cikin sabulun ruwa. Alkanolamides sune waɗanda ba su da sinadarai masu guba.-Ana yawan amfani da ionic surfactants a cikin shamfu. Dalilan da za a iya samu sune kamar haka: FFA tana ba da ayyuka mafi girma ko mafi kyau fiye da AE; samfuran FFA sun fi AE araha; FFA tana da mafi kyawun narkewa fiye da AE; FFA ta fi AE ƙarfin kumfa.
4.Masu Surfactants na Amphoteric
Amphoteric surfactants suna da ƙungiyoyin anionic da cationic hydrophilic. Saboda haka, suna aiki a matsayin abubuwa na cationic a cikin mafita na acidic, abubuwa na anionic a cikin mafita na alkaline, kuma suna nuna rashin ƙarfi.-ionic-kamar kaddarorin da ke cikin mafita masu tsaka tsaki. Amphoteric surfactants suna narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwa, maganin acid mai ƙarfi da alkali, har ma da abubuwan da ba su da sinadarai masu ƙarfi.-Maganin gishiri. Suna alfahari da kyau kwarai da gaske-juriyar ruwa, ƙarancin ƙaiƙayi a fata, kyakkyawan aikin laushi na masana'anta, kyawawan kaddarorin antistatic, tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta masu sauti, da kuma babban jituwa tare da nau'ikan surfactants daban-daban.
Ana iya amfani da irin waɗannan samfuran a kan kewayon pH mai faɗi. Duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin ionic ɗinsu a ƙarƙashin acid daban-daban-yanayin tushe, suna aiki mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic da tsaka tsaki fiye da ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline. Gabaɗaya, amphoteric surfactants sun fi tsada fiye da waɗanda ba na alkaline ba.-ionic surfactants.
Manyan nau'ikan amphoteric surfactants sune dodecyl dimethyl betaine da carboxylate-Nau'in imidazolines. Idan aka kwatanta da surfactants na anionic, ba-Ionic surfactants suna da ƙarin fa'idodi masu yawa tare da ƙarancin lahani, amma suna da rauni a cikin sabulun wanki da ƙarfin kumfa.-ionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants sun fi wasu halaye kyau kuma sun dace da su a wasu. Amphoteric surfactants suna da ƙarfin kumfa mai ƙarfi fiye da na yau da kullun.-ionic surfactants (AE yana da ƙarancin ikon kumfa), yana da ƙarfi sosai na kashe ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da-ionic da anionic surfactants, da kuma ingantaccen aikin gyaran jiki. Saboda haka, a cikin sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa, ana amfani da amphoteric surfactants galibi a cikin shamfu, sai kuma masu tsaftace fata kamar wanke-wanke na jiki.
Sinadaran cationic na yau da kullun sun haɗa da hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C)-14S), cationic panthenol, man silicone cationic, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB)-2), da sauransu. Ba kamar sauran surfactants ba, cationic surfactants ba su da isasshen ƙarfin wanke-wanke da kumfa, kuma suna da ɗan guba mai ƙaiƙayi.
A cikin sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa, cationic surfactants suna aiki azaman ƙarin surfactants, wato abubuwan da ke sanyaya kayan da ba su da ƙarancin allurai a cikin tsari. Galibi ana amfani da su a cikin babban adadin sabulun.-samfuran ƙarshe, galibi shamfu. Ba za a iya haɗa cationic surfactants kai tsaye tare da anionic surfactants ba. Kodayake sakamako mai kyau na iya faruwa bayan cation.-idan aka haɗa anionic, akwai babban haɗarin hazo (crystallisation).
Ana amfani da cationic surfactants da yawa a cikin shamfu ba tare da dogaro da nau'i ɗaya ko biyu na musamman ba; galibi ana tsara su azaman wakilai na kwandishan na kasuwanci. Cationic surfactants suna da ƙaramin kaso na jimlar fitowar surfactant kuma yawanci suna da tsada fiye da sauran nau'ikan. Daga cikin dukkan nau'ikan surfactants, cationic surfactants suna ba da mafi kyawun tasirin kwandishan da kuma mafi ƙarfin aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Duk da rashin amfanin su, gami da raunin sabulun wanki, ƙarancin ƙarfin kumfa, ƙarancin jituwa, babban haushi da tsada, ba za a iya maye gurbinsu da wasu surfactants a matsayin sinadaran kwandishan a cikin babban adadin.-Sabulun wanke-wanke na ruwa kamar shamfu. Abin lura ne cewa za a yi amfani da cationic surfactants ne kawai a matsayin abubuwan da ke sanyaya jiki ko kuma maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-06-2026