Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa surfactants. Bishyizwe mu byiciro hakurikijwe ingano y'umusaruro: surfactants za anionic zigira 56 %, ntabwo‑surfactants za ionic 36 %, surfactants za amphoteric 5 %, na surfactants za cationic 3 %.
2. Surfactants za Anionic
2.1 Sulfonate‑ubwoko bwa Anionic Surfactants
Ibintu bisanzwe byo mu bwoko bw'ibinyabutabire birimo sodium linear‑alkylbenzene sulfonate na sodiyumuαolefin sulfonate.
Sodiyumu y'umurongo‑alkylbenzene sulfonate, izwi kandi nka LAS cyangwa ABS, ni ibara ry'umweru cyangwa ibara ry'umukara‑Ifite ifu y'umuhondo cyangwa ipfutse mu mazi. Igaragaza ko amazi adashonga neza ku bushyuhe buri hasi, ifite amazi ashongeshwa munsi ya dogere 3 ku bushyuhe bw'ikirere; nyamara, ishongeshwa neza mu buryo bw'ibinyabutabire bya surfactant. Irakomeye cyane mu guhangana na alkali, aside igabanya ubushyuhe n'amazi akomeye, ifite ubushyuhe bwo kubora bwa dogere 240℃Ni 10 % y'umuti ifite igipimo cy'ubushyuhe cya 5.0, ubushobozi bwo kubora kwa mikorobe bwa 80 %‑90 %, na LD₅₀bya 1300‑2500 mg/kg.
Sodiyumuαolefin sulfonate, bita AOS, igaragara nk'amazi y'umuhondo abonerana mu gikoresho gikora‑ibikubiye mu bicuruzwa bya 38 %‑40 %, kandi irashongesha cyane mu mazi. Igumana ubusugire bwiza ku rugero rwa pH runini; nyuma y'iminsi itatu kuri 30℃, igipimo cya hydrolysis ni 0 kuri pH 2, pH 4 na pH 10. Ifite uburibwe buke bw'uruhu, 100 % y'uburyo mikorobe zibora, hamwe na LD₅₀bya 1300‑2400 mg/kg.
Muri rusange LAS ntikoreshwa mu shampoo kandi ntabwo ikunze gushyirwa mu ma gel yo kwiyuhagira. Ikoreshwa cyane mu masabune y'amazi yo kumesa no mu masahani‑amazi yo kumesa. Mu isahani‑Ibikoresho byo kumesa, LAS ishobora kuba igize kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibikubiye muri surfactant yose; mu isabune y'amazi yo kumesa, igipimo cyayo gishobora guhindurwa mu buryo bwagutse.
LAS igaragaza ko amazi ashobora gushonga neza cyane cyane iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru (urugero: 60℃) cyangwa iyo bivanze n'ibindi bintu bimwe na bimwe bya surfactants. Sisitemu isanzwe ya ternary compound ku gikombe‑amazi yo kumesa ni"LAS‑AES‑FFA"Ku isabune y'amazi yo kumesa, imiti isanzwe ivanze irimo"LAS‑isabune‑η·SAA"Byagombye kumenyekana ko kuvanga LAS mu buryo butaziguye n'ibitari‑Alkanolamide ikora surfactant ishobora kudatanga umusaruro ushimishije;"LAS‑FFA"sisitemu ntihindagurika, ifite ubushyuhe buke kandi ikagira ishusho y'umweru nk'amata.
LAS niyo iri hejuru cyane‑umubare (290) kt/a) hamwe n'umusemburo uhendutse wa sintetike. Muri byo hejuru‑imiti itanu ikoze mu buryo bwa sintetike, LAS ifite igiciro gito cyane, ugereranyije n'isabune (ibinure‑isabune ya aside) mu bintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gusukura anionic. Ibyiza byayo bikomeye ni ugutuza neza, gukoresha ibikoresho bikomeye byo mu bwoko bwa "detergent" no kugabanuka; ikibi cyayo gikomeye ni ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Muri sulfonate‑AOS itanga umusaruro mwiza cyane. Igumana cyangwa yongera ibyiza bya sulfonates rusange mu gihe yirinda ingorane zayo. AOS ni imwe mu za surfactants zikoreshwa cyane mu shampoo na gel zo kwiyuhagira. Ikoreshwa ryayo mu zindi sabune z'amazi rizagenda ryiyongera uko umusaruro wo mu rugo ugenda urushaho kwiyongera no kugabanya igiciro cyayo. Ingufu zayo z'ingenzi zirimo gutuza neza, gushonga neza kw'amazi, guhuza neza, kudakara cyane no kwangirika cyane kwa mikorobe. Intege nke zayo nyamukuru ni igiciro cyayo kiri hejuru cyane mu za surfactants za anionic.
2.2 Sulfate‑ubwoko bwa Anionic Surfactants
Ibintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa muri iki cyiciro ni sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate na sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, yitwa kandi AES cyangwa alcohol ether sulfate, ishongera mu mazi vuba. Kuri 70 % ikora‑ibikubiye mu biyobyabwenge, ni nk'aho ari ibibara by'umukara‑umuhondo urimo viscous (igice‑ibinyabutabire bibonerana). Ubuziranenge bwabyo buri hasi y’ubwa sulfonates zisanzwe. Bihita bishonga vuba munsi ya pH 4 ariko ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindagurika neza mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe mu gihe cy'amazi. Nyuma y'ibice bitatu‑kubika ku munsi saa 30℃, igipimo cyayo cya hydrolysis kigera ku 100 %, 50 % na 0 kuri pH 2, pH 4 na pH 10. Bitera uburibwe bworoheje, hamwe n'igipimo cy'uburibwe cya 2.3 kuri 10 yabyo igisubizo cya %, kigera ku bipimo birenga 90 % kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima, kandi ifite LD₅₀cyo mu 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, izwi kandi nka AS, K12, coconut alcohol sulfate cyangwa sodium lauryl sulfate (umuti utanga ifuro), ishongeshwa mu mazi ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga bwa dogere 15 kuri dogere 25.℃, iri hasi ugereranyije n'iya AES. Ntiyumva alkali n'amazi akomeye, ariko ntihinduka cyane iyo hari aside kurusha sulfonates rusange (ugereranyije na AES).‑Ubushyuhe bw'igihe gito ntibugomba kurenza 95℃Igaragaza uburibwe buri ku rugero mu bintu bikoresha surfactants; ikigereranyo cy'uburibwe cya 10 % y'umuti ni 3.3, hejuru ya AES kandi munsi ya LAS, hamwe na LD₅₀bya 1300 mg/kg.
AES ishobora gukoreshwa mu shampoo, gel zo kwiyuhagira, n'ibikombe‑amazi yo kumesa n'isabune y'amazi yo kumesa. Iyo ibipimo bya pH y'ibicuruzwa byemeza, pH igomba kuzamuka uko bishoboka kose ikaba iyo idahinduka cyangwa idakomeye.‑urugero rwa alkaline. Iyo AES igomba gukoreshwa ku gipimo cya pH kiri hasi (nk'uko bimeze mu shampoo), umunyu wayo wa ethanolamine ubusanzwe ukoreshwa. AES ifite amazi meza kurushaho.‑gushonga kurusha AS kandi bishobora gukorwamo ibisubizo by'amazi bibonerana mu rugero urwo arirwo rwose ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Ugereranyije na LAS, AES ikoreshwa cyane mu isabune y'amazi kandi ihuye neza cyane; ishobora gukora ibisubizo by'amazi bibonerana binyuze mu buryo bwa binary cyangwa multi‑kuvanga ibice n'ibintu byinshi bikozwe mu buryo bwa surfactants. Iza ku mwanya wa gatatu mu gukora mu bikoresho bikozwe mu buryo bwa surfactants, AES igura make ugereranyije na AS; mu 2002, igiciro cya 70 % AES yari kuri 8500 Yuan kuri toni. AES ihabwa agaciro kubera ko igabanya ubushyuhe, amazi ashonga neza, ihura neza kandi ikora neza mu kwirinda uruhu rwumye kandi rudakomeye. Ingorane zayo ni ukudakomera mu buryo buri hagati y’aside n’ibindi bintu.—pH igomba kuguma hejuru ya 4—kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo kugabanya ubukana bukabije kurusha LAS na AS.
Iyo AS ishyizwe mu isabune y'amazi, pH igomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo hirindwe aside nyinshi. Ku shampoo no mu bwogero‑Hakenewe gel, ethanolamine cyangwa umunyu wa ammonium. Umunyu wa ethanolamine ntutuma aside yongera gusa‑kudahungabana ariko binafasha kugabanya uburibwe; Umuti w'umunyu wa triethanolamine % utanga igipimo cy'ubushyuhe cya 3.0. AS ikoreshwa gake mu biryo‑Ibinyobwa byo kumesa kandi ntibikunze gukoreshwa nk'umusemburo w'ibanze (dose nto mu miterere), ahanini bitewe nuko byongera ikiguzi cyo gukora kandi ibyo bicuruzwa ntibikenera imbaraga nyinshi zo gusohora ifuro. AS iri ku mwanya wa gatanu mu musaruro mu misemburo y'ubukorano kandi igura igiciro kinini; ifu yayo igurishwa ku 15000 Yuan kuri toni mu 2002. Uretse ubushobozi bwo gusohora ifuro rinini n'uburyo bukomeye bwo kubikoresha, AS ikora nabi cyane mu mikorere yayo: aside yayo ntihagije cyane, ubushyuhe bwayo buri hejuru cyane (hasi cyane ugereranyije na LAS), kandi ifite igiciro kinini cyane mu bintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gupima anionic.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibitari‑Ibintu bya ionic birimo alkanolamide (FFA), polyoxyethylene ether irimo fatty alcohol (AE), na alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE cyangwa OP).‑Ionic surfactants ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga neza, ikoreshwa mu gusukura, ubushobozi bwo kurwanya static, ibura ry'ubushyuhe buke, kandi ifite lime nziza‑Ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza isabune. Ingano ya pH ifatika yazo ni nini kurusha iya surfactants isanzwe ya ionic. Uretse imbaraga zo gusukura no gusohora ifuro, indi miterere yazo ikunze kuba iruta surfactants isanzwe ya anionic. Igerageza ryerekana ko kongeramo ingano nto ya non‑ionic surfactant kuri sisitemu ya ionic surfactant ishobora kunoza imikorere y'ubuso bw'isi, iyo ugereranije n'igihe kimwe‑ibikubiye mu biyobyabwenge.
Alkanolamides ni ubwoko bw'ibintu bitari‑Surfactants za ionic zifite imikorere myiza cyane, urwego rwagutse rw'ikoreshwa n'inshuro nyinshi zikoreshwa, kandi zikunze gukoreshwa mu masabune atandukanye y'amazi.‑ubwoko bwa alkanolamides bwakoreshejwe mu isabune y'amazi ni"amide ya 2:1"na"1.5:1 amide"; "amide ya 1:1"ishobora no gukoreshwa. Izi ngeri eshatu zitandukanye mu mazi‑gushonga no kwiyongera kw'ibinure. Muri rusange,"1.5:1 amide"ifite ubushobozi buringaniye kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu isabune yo koza amasahani. Ubusanzwe,"amide ya 1:1"ishonga byoroshye iyo ivanze n'andi mazi‑imiti ishongesha. Alkanolamides ikwiriye cyane mu miti ikoreshwa mu byuma bya alkaline kandi ishobora no gukoreshwa mu miti ikoreshwa mu byuma bya aside nke. Alkanolamide niyo iri hasi cyane‑ibiciro bitandukanye hagati y'abatari‑surfactants za ionic, ku giciro cya 7.800 RMB kuri toni mu 2002. Alkanolamides zikoreshwa kenshi kurusha ethers za polyoxyethylene ethers zifite alcohol nyinshi mu isabune y'amazi. Alkanolamides ntabwo ari zo zikoreshwa cyane‑Isosi za ionic zikunze gukoreshwa mu shampoo. Impamvu zishobora kuba zikurikira: FFA itanga imikorere myiza cyangwa myiza kurusha AE; Ibicuruzwa bya FFA bihendutse kurusha AE; FFA ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga kurusha AE; FFA irusha AE ubushobozi bwo gusohora ifuro.
Ibikoresho bya Amphoteric bifite amatsinda ya anionic na cationic hydrophilic. Bityo, bikora nk'ibintu bya cationic mu bisubizo bya aside, ibintu bya anionic mu bisubizo bya alkaline, kandi ntibigaragaza‑ionic‑nk'imiterere mu bisubizo bidafite aho bibogamiye. Ibikoresho bya amphoteri bishongesha byoroshye mu mazi, mu bisubizo bya aside na alkali, ndetse no mu bisubizo byuzuyemo ibintu bidafite aho bibogamiye‑ibisubizo by'umunyu. Bishima cyane‑Irwanya amazi, uruhu rukarakara gake, ikora neza cyane mu koroshya imyenda, ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya static, ifite ingaruka nziza ku mikorobe, kandi ihura neza n'ibintu bitandukanye biyitera ubushyuhe.
Ibicuruzwa nk'ibi bishobora gukoreshwa ku rugero rwa pH runini. Nyamara, ukurikije imiterere ya ionic yabyo mu buryo butandukanye bwa aside‑imiterere y'ibanze, bikora neza iyo hari aside kandi idafite aho ibogamiye kurusha iyo hari aside. Muri rusange, amphoteric surfactants irahenze kurusha iyo itari‑surfactants za iyoni.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa amphoteric surfactants burimo dodecyl dimethyl betaine na carboxylate‑ubwoko bwa imidazolines. Ugereranyije n'ibinyabutabire bya anionic, ntabwo‑Ionic surfactants ifite imiterere yuzuye kandi ifite ibibazo bike, gusa ifite intege nke mu bijyanye no gusukura no gusohora ifuro. Iyo ishyizwe ku bintu bidakoreshwa‑Surfactants za ionic, surfactants za amphoteric zikora neza mu miterere imwe n'imwe kandi zigahuzwa n'izindi. Surfactants za amphoteric zifite ubushobozi bwo gusohora ifuro cyane kurusha izisanzwe‑surfactants za ionic (AE ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gusohora ifuro), imbaraga zikomeye zo kwica bagiteri ugereranyije n'izitari‑surfactants za ioni na anioni, hamwe n'imikorere myiza yo gutunganya. Kubwibyo, mu isabune y'amazi, surfactants za amphoteric zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu shampoo, hanyuma hagakurikiraho imiti isukura uruhu nko koza umubiri.
5.Imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima imiterere y'ibinyabutabire
Ibyuma bikunze gukoreshwa mu gukanika cationic birimo hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C).‑14S), panthenol ya cationic, amavuta ya silikoni ya cationic, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB‑2), n'ibindi. Bitandukanye n'izindi surfactants, cationic surfactants zifite ubushobozi buke bwo gusukura no gusohora ifuro, kandi zifite uburozi buke butuma umuntu arakara.
Mu byuma bisukura amazi, ibikoresho bisukura cationic bikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho by'inyongera, ni ukuvuga ibikoresho byo kuvura bifite ingano nto mu birungo. Muri rusange bikoreshwa mu bikoresho byinshi.‑ibikoresho bya nyuma, cyane cyane shampoo. Indabyo za Cationic ntizishobora guhuzwa na anionic surfactants. Nubwo umusaruro mwiza ushobora kuboneka iyo cation‑ivanze ry’amoniki, hari ibyago byinshi byo kugwa (crystallisation).
Imiti myinshi ya cationic surfactants ikoreshwa muri shampoos idashingiye cyane ku bwoko bumwe cyangwa bubiri bwihariye; akenshi iba ikoreshwa mu gukora imiti ivura uruhu. Imiti ya cationic surfactants igizwe n'igice gito cy'umusaruro wose wa surfactants kandi akenshi ihenze kurusha izindi ngeri. Mu bwoko bwose bwa surfactants, cationic surfactants itanga ingaruka nziza zo kuvura uruhu kandi ikaba ikora neza cyane mu kwica bagiteri. Nubwo hari ingaruka mbi zirimo kudakoresha neza imiti, ubushobozi buke bwo gusohora ifuro, kuba idahuye neza, gushyuha cyane no guhenda cyane, ntabwo ishobora gusimburwa n'indi miti nk'ibikoresho byo kuvura uruhu mu gihe cyo kuvura uruhu.‑isabune y'amazi nka shampoo. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko cationic surfactants igomba gukoreshwa gusa nk'ibintu bifasha mu kuvura indwara cyangwa nk'imiti yica udukoko.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-06-2026