Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-surfactants. Zibekwe ngokwezinga lokukhiqiza: ama-surfactants e-anionic alinganiselwa ku-56 %, hhayi‑ama-surfactant e-ionic 36 %, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric 5 %, kanye nama-surfactants e-cationic 3 %.
2. Ama-surfactant e-Anionic
2.1 I-Sulfonate‑uhlobo lwe-Anionic Surfactants
Ama-surfactant avamile alolu hlobo afaka phakathi i-sodium linear‑i-alkylbenzene sulfonate kanye ne-sodiumα‑i-olefin sulfonate.
I-sodium linear‑i-alkylbenzene sulfonate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-LAS noma i-ABS, imhlophe noma iphuzi‑okuphuzi okusampushana noma okuqinile okuqhekekile okuncibilikayo emanzini. Kubonisa ukuncibilika kwamanzi okungekuhle emazingeni okushisa aphansi, nokuncibilika kwamanzi okungaphansi kwama-3 emazingeni okushisa aphansi; noma kunjalo, kuncibilika kahle ezinhlelweni ze-surfactant ezihlanganisiwe. Kuzinzile uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alkali, ama-asidi ancibilikisiwe kanye namanzi aqinile, kanye nezinga lokushisa lokubola elingu-240℃. Kuyi-10 Isixazululo esingu-% sinenkomba yokucasuka engu-5.0, ukubola kwamagciwane okungu-80 %‑90 %, kanye ne-LD₅₀kwengu-1300‑2500 mg/kg.
I-Sodiumα‑i-olefin sulfonate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-AOS, ivela njengoketshezi oluphuzi olubonakalayo endaweni esebenzayo‑okuqukethwe kwento okungu-38 %‑40 %, futhi incibilika kakhulu emanzini. Igcina ukuzinza okuhle ebangeni elikhulu le-pH; ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu ku-30℃, izinga le-hydrolysis lingu-0 ku-pH 2, i-pH 4 kanye ne-pH 10. Inobuhlungu obuphansi besikhumba, 100 % ukubola kwamagciwane, kanye ne-LD₅₀kwengu-1300‑2400 mg/kg.
I-LAS ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa kuma-shampoo futhi ayifakwa kakhulu kuma-shower gels. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza izingubo nasezitsheni‑uketshezi lokuwasha. Esitsheni‑Uma uketshezi lokuwasha, i-LAS ingenza cishe ingxenye yokuqukethwe kwe-surfactant iyonke; ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza uketshezi, isilinganiso sayo singalungiswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezisetshenziswayo.
I-LAS ikhombisa ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (isb. 60℃) noma uma kuhlanganiswe nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-ternary compound lwe-dish‑uketshezi lokuwasha luyi"I-LAS‑I-AES‑I-FFA". Kuma-detergent ahlanzekile okuwasha izingubo, amafomula avamile ahlanganisiwe afaka phakathi"I-LAS‑isisekelo sensipho‑η·I-SAA"Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile kwe-LAS ne-non‑i-alkanolamide ye-ionic surfactant ingase ingavezi imiphumela eyanelisayo;"I-LAS‑I-FFA"uhlelo aluzinzile, lune-viscosity ephansi futhi lwakha ukubukeka okumhlophe njengobisi.
I-LAS iphezulu kakhulu‑ivolumu (290) kt/a) kanye ne-surfactant yokwenziwa eshibhile kakhulu. Phakathi kweziphezulu‑ama-surfactant amahlanu okwenziwa ngomkhiqizo, i-LAS inentengo ephansi kakhulu, efana nezisekelo zensipho (amafutha‑insipho ye-asidi) phakathi kwama-surfactants avamile e-anionic. Izinzuzo zayo ezivelele ukuzinza okuhle, ukuhlanza okunamandla kanye nezindleko eziphansi; inkinga yayo enkulu ukucasuka okukhulu.
Phakathi kwe-sulfonate‑Ama-surfactants ekilasi, i-AOS inikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Igcina noma yandisa izinzuzo zama-sulfonates ajwayelekile ngenkathi igwema izinkinga zayo. I-AOS ingenye yama-surfactants ayinhloko asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-shampoo nama-shower gels. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinye izihlanzi zoketshezi kuzokhula kancane kancane njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kutholakala futhi kwehlise intengo yayo. Amandla ayo ayinhloko afaka phakathi ukuzinza okuhle, ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukuhambisana okuhle, ukucasuka okuncane kanye nokubola kwamagciwane okuvelele. Ubuthakathaka bayo obukhulu intengo yayo ephezulu phakathi kwama-surfactants e-anionic.
2.2 I-Sulfate‑uhlobo lwe-Anionic Surfactants
Ama-surfactant ajwayelekile kulesi sigaba yi-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate kanye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate.
I-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, ebizwa nangokuthi i-AES noma i-alcohol ether sulfate, incibilika kalula emanzini. Ku-70 % esebenzayo‑okuqukethwe yizinto, kuyinto ekhanyayo‑okuphuzi okunogqinsi (okuncane‑okusobala) uketshezi. Ukuqina kwayo kungaphansi kwalokho kwama-sulfonates avamile. I-hydrolyze ngokushesha ngaphansi kwe-pH 4 kodwa inokuqina okuhle kwe-hydrolytic ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline. Ngemva kwezintathu‑isitoreji sosuku ku-30℃, amazinga ayo e-hydrolysis afinyelela ku-100 %, 50 % kanye no-0 ku-pH 2, i-pH 4 kanye ne-pH 10 ngokulandelana. Kubangela ukucasuka okuncane, kanye nenkomba yokucasuka engu-2.3 ku-10 yayo Isixazululo se-%, sifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-90 ukubola kwe-biodegradation, futhi ine-LD₅₀ka-1800 mg/kg.
I-Sodium dodecyl sulfate, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-AS, i-K12, i-coconut alcohol sulfate noma i-sodium lauryl sulfate (i-foaming agent), iyancibilika emanzini ngokuncibilika okungaba ngu-15 ku-25℃, iphansi kuneye-AES. Ayizweli kuma-alkali namanzi aqinile, kodwa ayizinzile kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ze-asidi kune-sulfonates ejwayelekile (efana ne-AES).‑ukushisa kwesikhathi akufanele kudlule ama-degrees angu-95℃Ibonisa ukucasuka okulinganiselwe phakathi kwama-surfactants; inkomba yokucasuka kwe-10 yayo Isixazululo esingu-% singu-3.3, siphakeme kune-AES futhi siphansi kune-LAS, sine-LD₅₀kwengu-1300 mg/kg.
I-AES ingasetshenziswa kuma-shampoo, ama-shower gels, kanye nezitsha‑uketshezi lokuwasha kanye nezinsipho zokuhlanza izingubo. Lapho imininingwane ye-pH yomkhiqizo ivuma, i-pH kufanele iphakanyiswe ngangokunokwenzeka ibe buthakathaka noma ingathathi hlangothi‑amazinga e-alkaline. Uma i-AES kumele isetshenziswe ngamanani aphansi e-pH (njengakuma-shampoo), uhlobo lwayo lwe-ethanolamine usawoti luvame ukusetshenziswa. I-AES inamanzi angcono‑ukuncibilika kune-AS futhi kungakhiwa kube izixazululo zamanzi ezicacile nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso ekushiseni kwegumbi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-LAS, i-AES inokusetshenziswa okubanzi ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza uketshezi kanye nokuhambisana okuphezulu; ingakha izixazululo zamanzi ezicacile nge-binary noma multi‑ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye nama-surfactant amaningi. Ibekwe endaweni yesithathu ngobuningi bokukhiqiza phakathi kwama-surfactant okwenziwa, i-AES ibiza kancane kune-AS; ngo-2002, intengo yayingu-70 I-% AES ime ku-8500 i-yuan ngethani. I-AES ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokucasuka okuncane, ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukuhambisana okuhle kanye nokusebenza kahle ekuvimbeleni isikhumba esomile nesinamawala. Inkinga yayo ukungazinzile okuphakathi kwe-acidic media—i-pH kumele igcinwe ingaphezulu kuka-4—futhi ukuvikela kwayo kubuthakathaka kune-LAS ne-AS.
Uma i-AS ifakwa ezinhlinzini zokuhlanza eziwuketshezi, i-pH medium kumele ilawulwe ukuze kugwenywe i-asidi eningi. Nge-shampoo kanye neshawa‑ukwakheka kwejeli, usawoti wayo we-ethanolamine noma we-ammonium kuyadingeka. Usawoti we-ethanolamine awugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa i-asidi‑ukuzinza kokumelana kodwa futhi kusiza ekunciphiseni ukucasuka; Isixazululo sikasawoti se-triethanolamine esingu-% sinikeza inkomba yokucasuka engu-3.0. I-AS ayivamile ukusetshenziswa esitsheni‑uketshezi lokuwasha futhi akuvamile ukusebenza njenge-surfactant eyinhloko (isilinganiso esiphansi ekwakhiweni), ikakhulukazi ngoba ikhuphula izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi imikhiqizo enjalo ayinasidingo samandla okwenza igwebu. I-AS isendaweni yesihlanu ekukhiqizweni phakathi kwama-surfactant okwenziwa futhi inentengo ephezulu; izinga layo lempuphu lithengiswa ku-15000 i-yuan ngethani ngo-2002. Ngaphandle komthamo ophezulu wokukhipha amagwebu kanye nokuhlanza okunamandla, i-AS ayisebenzi kahle ezicini eziningi zokusebenza: ukuqina kwayo kwe-asidi kuphansi kancane, ukucasuka kwayo kuphakeme kakhulu (kungaphansi kwe-LAS kuphela), futhi inentengo ephezulu kakhulu phakathi kwama-surfactants avamile e-anionic.
3.I-surfactant engeyona i-ionic
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-non‑Ama-surfactant e-ionic afaka i-alkanolamide (FFA), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), kanye ne-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE noma OP).‑Ama-surfactants e-ionic anezici ezinhle kakhulu zokuncibilika, ukuhlanza, ukusebenza okulwa nokungaguquguquki, ukucasuka okuphansi, kanye ne-lime enhle‑Umthamo wokusabalalisa insipho. Uhla lwe-pH yazo olusebenzayo lubanzi kunolwama-surfactants avamile e-ionic. Ngaphandle kwamandla okuhlanza kanye ne-foam, ezinye izakhiwo zazo zivame ukuba ngcono kune-surfactants ajwayelekile e-anionic. Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi ukwengeza inani elincane lama-non‑i-ionic surfactant ohlelweni lwe-ionic surfactant ingathuthukisa umsebenzi wobuso bohlelo, uma iqhathaniswa nokusebenza okufanayo.‑okuqukethwe yizinto.
Ama-Alkanolamides ayisigaba sezinto ezingezona‑Ama-surfactant e-ionic asebenza kahle kakhulu, ububanzi bokusetshenziswa okubanzi kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamise kakhulu, futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokuhlanza uketshezi.‑amazinga asetshenzisiwe e-alkanolamides ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza uketshezi"2:1 i-amide"futhi"1.5:1 i-amide"; "1:1 i-amide"ingasetshenziswa futhi. Lawa mazinga amathathu ahlukile emanzini‑ukuncibilika nokusebenza kokuqina. Ngokuvamile,"1.5:1 i-amide"inezakhiwo ezimaphakathi futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanzeni izitsha. Ngokuvamile,"1:1 i-amide"iyancibilika kalula kuphela uma ixutshwe namanye amanzi‑ama-surfactant ancibilikayo. Ama-Alkanolamides afaneleka kakhulu kuma-detergent e-alkaline futhi angasetshenziswa nasezinhlinzweni ezithambile ezine-asidi. I-Alkanolamide iyona ephansi kakhulu‑ukuhlukahluka okunentengo phakathi kwabangebona‑ama-ionic surfactants, ngentengo engu-7,800 RMB ngethani ngo-2002. Ama-alkanolamides asetshenziswa kaningi kune-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza eziwuketshezi. Ama-alkanolamides awawona‑ama-surfactants e-ionic avame ukusetshenziswa kuma-shampoo. Izizathu ezingaba khona yilezi ezilandelayo: I-FFA inikeza imisebenzi ephelele noma engcono kune-AE; Imikhiqizo ye-FFA ishibhile kune-AE; I-FFA inokuncibilika okungcono kune-AE; I-FFA isebenza kangcono kune-AE ngomthamo wokwenza amagwebu.
Ama-surfactant e-amphoteric anamaqembu e-anionic kanye ne-cationic hydrophilic. Ngakho-ke, asebenza njengezinto ze-cationic ezixazululweni ze-acidic, izinto ze-anionic ezixazululweni ze-alkaline, futhi abonisa okungeyona‑i-ionic‑njengezakhiwo ezixazululweni ezingathathi hlangothi. Ama-surfactant e-amphoteric ancibilika kalula emanzini, izixazululo ze-asidi egxilile kanye ne-alkali, futhi ngisho nezixazululo ze-inorganic ezigxilile‑izixazululo zikasawoti. Ziziqhayisa ngokuqina okuhle‑ukumelana namanzi, ukucasuka kwesikhumba okuphansi, ukusebenza kahle kokuthambisa indwangu, izakhiwo ezinhle zokulwa nokungaguquguquki, imiphumela emihle yokubulala amagciwane, kanye nokuhambisana okuphezulu nama-surfactants ahlukahlukene.
Imikhiqizo enjalo ingasetshenziswa ebangeni elibanzi le-pH. Noma kunjalo, uma sibheka izimo zayo ze-ionic ngaphansi kwe-asidi ehlukene‑izimo zesisekelo, zisebenza kangcono ngaphansi kwezimo ze-acidic ne-neutral kunangaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline. Ngokuvamile, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric abiza kakhulu kune-non-‑ama-surfactant e-ionic.
Izinhlobo ezibalulekile zama-surfactants e-amphoteric zifaka phakathi i-dodecyl dimethyl betaine kanye ne-carboxylate.‑uhlobo lwe-imidazolines. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-surfactants e-anionic, awekho‑Ama-surfactant e-ionic anezakhiwo ezibanzi kakhulu futhi anezinkinga ezimbalwa, abuthakathaka kuphela ekususeni nasekukhipheni amagwebu. Uma ebekwe ngokumelene ne-non‑Ama-surfactants e-ionic, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric asebenza kahle kwezinye izakhiwo futhi awafanise kwezinye. Ama-surfactants e-amphoteric anamandla amakhulu okukhipha amagwebu kune-non evamile‑ama-surfactants e-ionic (i-AE inekhono eliphansi lokukhuhla amagwebu), amandla aqinile okubulala amagciwane uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo angasebenzisi‑ama-surfactants e-ionic kanye ne-anionic, kanye nokusebenza okungcono kokulungisa isimo. Ngakho-ke, kuma-detergents aketshezi, ama-surfactants e-amphoteric asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-shampoo, kulandelwe yizihlanzi zesikhumba ezifana nokuhlanza umzimba.
Ama-surfactant avamile e-cationic ahlanganisa i-hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), i-octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), i-cationic guar gum (C).‑14S), i-cationic panthenol, uwoyela we-cationic silicone, i-dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB‑2), njalo njalo. Ngokungafani namanye ama-surfactants, ama-surfactants e-cationic anamandla amancane okuhlanza nokukhipha amagwebu, futhi anobuthi obuncane obucasulayo.
Kuma-detergent aketshezi, ama-surfactant e-cationic asebenza njengama-surfactant asizayo, okungukuthi izingxenye zokulungisa ezinomthamo ophansi ekwakhiweni. Ngokuvamile asetshenziswa kuma-detergents aphezulu.‑imikhiqizo yokugcina, ikakhulukazi ama-shampoo. Ama-surfactant e-cationic awakwazi ukuhlanganiswa ngqo nama-surfactant e-anionic. Nakuba imiphumela emihle ingase ivele lapho kusetshenziswe i-cation‑uma kuhlanganiswa i-anionic, kunengozi enkulu yemvula (i-crystallization).
Ama-surfactants amaningi e-cationic asetshenziswa kuma-shampoo ngaphandle kokuthembela kakhulu kuhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili ezithile; avame ukwakheka abe ama-agent okulungisa izimonyo. Ama-surfactants e-cationic abala ingxenye encane yomkhiqizo ophelele we-surfactant futhi avame ukubiza kakhulu kunezinye izigaba. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zama-surfactants, ama-surfactants e-cationic anikeza umphumela wokulungisa ovelele kakhulu kanye nomsebenzi onamandla kakhulu wokubulala amagciwane. Naphezu kokungalungi kwawo okuhlanganisa ukuhlanza okubuthakathaka, amandla amabi okukhipha igwebu, ukuhambisana okulinganiselwe, ukucasuka okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphakeme, awanakushintshwa amanye ama-surfactants njengezithako zokulungisa izimonyo ezisezingeni eliphezulu.‑Izinsipho zokugcina uketshezi ezifana nama-shampoo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ama-surfactants e-cationic kufanele asetshenziswe kuphela njengezingxenye zokupholisa noma ama-bactericides.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-06-2026