Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-surfactants. Zibekwe ngokwezinga lemveliso: ii-surfactants ze-anionic zi-56 %, hayi‑ii-surfactants ze-ionic 36 %, ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric 5 %, kunye nee-surfactants ze-cationic 3 %.
2. Ii-Anionic Surfactants
2.1 I-Sulfonate‑uhlobo lwe-Anionic Surfactants
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kolu hlobo ziquka i-sodium linear‑i-alkylbenzene sulfonate kunye ne-sodiumα‑i-olefin sulfonate.
I-sodium linear‑i-alkylbenzene sulfonate, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-LAS okanye i-ABS, imhlophe okanye imhlophe‑Inyibilika emanzini ngombala otyheli okanye oqinileyo. Ayinyibiliki kakuhle emanzini kubushushu obuphantsi, inyibilika emanzini ngaphantsi kwe-3 kubushushu obuphakathi; nangona kunjalo, inyibilika kakuhle kwiinkqubo ze-surfactant ezihlanganisiweyo. Izinzile xa ithelekiswa ne-alkalis, ii-asidi ezinyibilikisiweyo kunye namanzi aqinileyo, kwaye iqondo lobushushu lokubola liyi-240℃. Zili-10 Isisombululo se-% sinomlinganiselo wokucaphuka we-5.0, ukubola kweentsholongwane kwe-80 %‑90 %, kunye ne-LD₅₀kwe-1300‑2500 mg/kg.
Isodiyamα‑i-olefin sulfonate, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-AOS, ibonakala njengolwelo olutyheli olucacileyo kwindawo esebenzayo‑umxholo wezinto ezingama-38 %‑40 %, kwaye iyanyibilika kakhulu emanzini. Igcina uzinzo oluhle kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH; emva kweentsuku ezintathu kwi-30℃, izinga le-hydrolysis yi-0 kwi-pH 2, i-pH 4 kunye ne-pH 10. Inolusu oluncinci olurhawuzelelayo, 100 % ukubola kweentsholongwane, kunye ne-LD₅₀kwe-1300‑2400 mg/kg.
I-LAS ayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiishampu kwaye ayifakwa rhoqo kwiijeli zokuhlamba. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zolwelo zokuhlamba impahla nakwizitya.‑ulwelo lokuhlamba. Esityeni‑Kwizinto zokuhlamba, i-LAS inokwenza phantse isiqingatha somthamo we-surfactant iyonke; kwiisepha zokuhlamba, umlinganiselo wayo unokulungiswa kuluhlu olubanzi olusebenzayo.
I-LAS ibonisa ukunyibilika kwamanzi okuhle kakhulu xa amaqondo obushushu ephezulu (umz. 60℃) okanye xa idityaniswe nezinye izinto ezibangela ukudumba. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-ternary compound yesitya‑ulwelo lokuhlamba lu"I-LAS‑I-AES‑I-FFA"Kwiisepha zokuhlamba impahla, iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuxuba ziquka"I-LAS‑isiseko sesepha‑η·I-SAA"Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuxuba ngokuthe ngqo i-LAS kunye ne-non‑i-alkanolamide ye-ionic surfactant isenokungavelisi ziphumo zanelisayo;"I-LAS‑I-FFA"Inkqubo ayizinzanga, inoburhabaxa obuphantsi kwaye yenza inkangeleko emhlophe efana nobisi.
I-LAS yeyona iphezulu‑umthamo (290) kt/a) kunye ne-surfactant yokwenziwa engabizi kakhulu. Phakathi kwezona ziphezulu‑ii-surfactants ezintlanu ezenziweyo ngokwemveliso, i-LAS inexabiso eliphantsi, elithelekiswa neesiseko zesepha (ezinamafutha‑iisepha ze-asidi) phakathi kwe-anionic surfactants eziqhelekileyo. Iingenelo zayo eziphambili kukuzinza okuhle, ukucoca okunamandla kunye nexabiso eliphantsi; ingxaki yayo enkulu kukurhawuzelelwa okuphezulu.
Phakathi kwe-sulfonate‑Ii-surfactants zeklasi, i-AOS inikezela ngokusebenza okungcono kakhulu. Igcina okanye yongeza ubuhle be-sulfonates ngokubanzi ngelixa iphepha iingxaki zayo. I-AOS yenye yee-surfactants eziphambili ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiishampu nakwii-gels zokuhlamba. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezinye izicoci zolwelo kuya kwanda kancinci kancinci njengoko imveliso yasekhaya ifumana indawo kwaye yehlisa ixabiso layo. Amandla ayo aphambili aquka ukuzinza okuhle, ukunyibilika kwamanzi okuhle, ukuhambelana okuhle, ukurhawuzelelwa okuncinci kunye nokubola kwe-microbial okubalaseleyo. Ubuthathaka bayo obuphambili lixabiso layo eliphezulu phakathi kwe-anionic surfactants.
2.2 I-Sulfate‑uhlobo lwe-Anionic Surfactants
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kolu didi yi-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate kunye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate.
I-sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-AES okanye i-alcohol ether sulfate, inyibilika lula emanzini. Kwi-70 % esebenzayo‑umxholo wento, ayibonakali‑otyheli obhityileyo (ongaphelelanga‑i-transparent) ulwelo. Uzinzo lwayo lungaphantsi kolo lwe-sulfonates eqhelekileyo. I-hydrolyzes ikhawuleza ingaphantsi kwe-pH 4 kodwa inozinzo oluhle lwe-hydrolytic phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline. Emva kwesithathu‑indawo yokugcina imini yonke kwi-30℃, amazinga ayo e-hydrolysis afikelela kwi-100 %, 50 % kunye no-0 kwi-pH 2, i-pH 4 kunye ne-pH 10 ngokwahlukeneyo. Ibangela ukucaphuka okuncinci, kunye ne-index yokucaphuka eyi-2.3 kwi-10 yayo isisombululo se-%, sifikelela ngaphezulu kwama-90 ukubola kwe-biodegradation, kwaye ine-LD₅₀ka-1800 mg/kg.
I-Sodium dodecyl sulfate, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-AS, K12, i-coconut alcohol sulfate okanye i-sodium lauryl sulfate (i-agent ekhupha amagwebu), iyanyibilika emanzini kwaye inyibilika malunga ne-15 kwi-25℃, ingaphantsi kune-AES. Ayinamvakalelo kwi-alkalis nakumanzi aqinileyo, kodwa ayizinzanga kakhulu phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi kune-sulfonates eqhelekileyo (ethelekiswa ne-AES).‑ukufudumeza kwexesha akufuneki kudlule kuma-95 degrees℃Ibonisa ukucaphuka okuphakathi phakathi kwezinto ezibangela ukucaphuka; isalathisi sokucaphuka se-10 yayo Isisombululo se-% singu-3.3, siphezulu kune-AES kwaye singaphantsi kune-LAS, kunye ne-LD₅₀kwe-1300 mg/kg.
I-AES ingasetyenziswa kwiishampu, iijeli zokuhlamba, nakwisitya‑ulwelo lokuhlamba kunye neesepha zolwelo lokuhlamba impahla. Apho iinkcukacha ze-pH yemveliso zivumayo, i-pH kufuneka inyuswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka ibe yengathathi cala okanye ebuthathaka‑amanqanaba e-alkaline. Xa i-AES kufuneka isetyenziswe kwixabiso le-pH eliphantsi (njengakwiishampu), uhlobo lwayo lwetyuwa ye-ethanolamine ludla ngokusetyenziswa. I-AES inamanzi angcono.‑ukunyibilika kune-AS kwaye kunokwenziwa kube zizisombululo zamanzi ezibonakalayo nangayiphi na indlela kubushushu begumbi. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-LAS, i-AES inokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiisepha zolwelo kwaye ihambelana kakuhle; inokwenza izisombululo zamanzi ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo nge-binary okanye multi‑ukuxubana kwezakhi kunye nee-surfactants ezininzi. Ibekwe kwindawo yesithathu ngobungakanani bemveliso phakathi kwee-surfactants ezenziweyo, i-AES ixabisa ngaphantsi kune-AS; ngo-2002, ixabiso le-70 I-% AES yayimi kwi-8500 iyuan ngetoni nganye. I-AES ixatyiswa ngenxa yokungacaphuki kakuhle, ukunyibilika kakuhle kwamanzi, ukuhambelana okuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekuthinteleni ulusu olomileyo nolurhabaxa. Ingxaki yayo kukungazinzi okuphakathi kwi-acid media—i-pH kufuneka igcinwe ingaphezulu kwe-4—kwaye ukuthintela kwayo kubuthathaka kune-LAS kunye ne-AS.
Xa i-AS ifakwa kwiisepha zolwelo, i-pH medium kufuneka ilawulwe ukuze kuthintelwe i-asidi egqithisileyo. Kwishampu nakwishawa‑Iifomyula zejeli, i-ethanolamine okanye i-ammonium salts zayo ziyafuneka. Iityuwa ze-ethanolamine azigcini nje ngokwandisa i-asidi‑ukuzinza kokumelana kodwa kukwanceda ekunciphiseni ukurhawuzelelwa; Isisombululo setyuwa ye-triethanolamine % sinika isalathisi sokucaphuka esiyi-3.0. I-AS ayisetyenziswa rhoqo kwisitya‑Ayisebenzi njenge-surfactant ephambili (idosi ephantsi kwiifomyula), ikakhulu kuba inyusa iindleko zemveliso kwaye iimveliso ezinjalo azinawo amandla amaninzi okwenza igwebu. I-AS ikwindawo yesihlanu kwimveliso phakathi kwe-surfactants zokwenziwa kwaye inexabiso eliphezulu; umgangatho wayo we-powder uthengiswa kwi-15000 iyuan ngetoni ngo-2002. Ngaphandle kwamandla aphezulu okufutha kunye nokucoca okunamandla, i-AS ayisebenzi kakuhle kwi-AES kwiinkalo ezininzi zokusebenza: ukuzinza kwayo kwi-asidi kuphantsi kancinci, ukucaphuka kwayo kuphezulu (kungaphantsi kwe-LAS kuphela), kwaye inexabiso eliphezulu phakathi kwe-anionic surfactants eziqhelekileyo.
3.I-surfactant engeyiyo i-ionic
Iindidi eziphambili ze-non‑Ii-ionic surfactants ziquka i-alkanolamide (FFA), i-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), kunye ne-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE okanye OP).‑Ii-surfactants ze-ionic zinobunyibilikisi obuhle kakhulu, ukucoca, ukusebenza okuchasene ne-static, ukurhawuzelelwa okuncinci, kunye nelayimu elungileyo‑Umthamo wokusasaza isepha. Uluhlu lwe-pH yazo olusebenzayo lubanzi kunolo lwee-ionic surfactants eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwamandla okucoca kunye namandla okufutha, ezinye iipropati zazo zihlala zingcono kune-anionic surfactants eziqhelekileyo. Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba ukongeza inani elincinci le-non‑i-ionic surfactant kwinkqubo ye-ionic surfactant inokuphucula umsebenzi womphezulu wenkqubo, xa ithelekiswa ne-active efanayo‑umxholo weziyobisi.
Ii-Alkanolamides ziluhlobo lwe-non-‑ii-ionic surfactants ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, ububanzi bokusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo, kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiisepha ezahlukeneyo zolwelo.‑Iindidi ezisetyenzisiweyo ze-alkanolamides kwiisepha zolwelo"2:1 i-amide"kwaye"1.5:1 i-amide"; "1:1 i-amide"ingasetyenziswa. La manqanaba mathathu ahlukile emanzini‑ukunyibilika kunye nokusebenza kokujiya. Ngokubanzi,"1.5:1 i-amide"ineempawu eziphakathi kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisepha zokuhlamba izitya. Ngokwesiqhelo,"1:1 i-amide"iyanyibilika lula kuphela xa ixutywe namanye amanzi‑ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo. Ii-Alkanolamides zilungele ngakumbi izicoci ze-alkaline kwaye zingasetyenziswa nakwiisepha ezine-asidi encinci. I-Alkanolamide yeyona iphantsi‑ixabiso eliphakathi kwe-non‑ii-ionic surfactants, ngexabiso le-7,800 RMB ngetoni ngo-2002. Ii-Alkanolamides zisetyenziswa rhoqo kunee-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers kwiisepha zolwelo. Ii-Alkanolamides azisetyenziswa rhoqo‑ii-ionic surfactants ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiishampoo. Izizathu ezinokubakho zezi zilandelayo: I-FFA inika imisebenzi ebanzi okanye egqwesileyo kune-AE; Iimveliso ze-FFA zixabiso eliphantsi kune-AE; I-FFA inokunyibilika okungcono kune-AE; I-FFA idlula i-AE ngomthamo wokwenza amagwebu.
Ii-surfactants ze-Amphoteric zineqela le-anionic kunye ne-cationic hydrophilic. Ngenxa yoko, zisebenza njengezinto ze-cationic kwizisombululo ze-asidi, izinto ze-anionic kwizisombululo ze-alkaline, kwaye azibonisi‑i-ionic‑njengeempawu kwizisombululo ezingathathi cala. Ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric ziyanyibilika lula emanzini, kwizisombululo ze-asidi eqinisiweyo kunye ne-alkali, kwaye zikwanezinto ezingaphiliyo eziqinisiweyo‑izisombululo zetyuwa. Zinamandla aqinileyo‑ukumelana namanzi, ukurhawuzelelwa kancinci lusu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthambisa ilaphu, iipropati ezilungileyo zokulwa nokunganyakazi, iziphumo ezivakalayo zokubulala iintsholongwane, kunye nokuhambelana okuphezulu nee-surfactants ezahlukeneyo.
Iimveliso ezinjalo zingasetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa neemeko zazo ze-ionic phantsi kwe-asidi eyahlukileyo‑kwiimeko zesiseko, zisebenza ngcono kwiimeko ezine-asidi nezingakhethi cala kunakwimeko ye-alkaline. Ngokubanzi, ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric zibiza kakhulu kune-non-alkaline.‑ii-surfactants ze-ionic.
Iindidi ezibalulekileyo ze-amphoteric surfactants ziquka i-dodecyl dimethyl betaine kunye ne-carboxylate.‑uhlobo lwe-imidazolines. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-anionic surfactants, azikho‑Ii-ionic surfactants zineempawu ezibanzi ngakumbi kwaye azinazo iingxaki ezininzi, zibuthathaka kuphela kwi-detergent kunye namandla e-foam.‑ii-ionic surfactants, ii-amphoteric surfactants zibalasele kwiimpawu ezithile kwaye ziyahambelana nezinye. Ii-amphoteric surfactants zinamandla amakhulu okukhupha amagwebu kunee-non-normal non-normal‑ii-ionic surfactants (i-AE ayinawo amandla okwenza igwebu), amandla anamandla okubulala iintsholongwane xa kuthelekiswa nalawo angengo‑ii-surfactants ze-ionic kunye ne-anionic, kunye nokusebenza ngcono kokulungisa imeko. Ke ngoko, kwiisepha zolwelo, ii-surfactants ze-amphoteric zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiishampu, zilandelwe zizinto zokucoca ulusu ezifana nezokuhlamba umzimba.
Ii-surfactants eziqhelekileyo ze-cationic ziquka i-hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), i-octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), i-cationic guar gum (C).‑14S), i-cationic panthenol, ioyile ye-cationic silicone, i-dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB‑2), njalo njalo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye ii-surfactants, ii-cationic surfactants zinamandla okucoca aphantsi kunye namandla okugqwala, kwaye zinobuthi obuncinci obucaphukisayo.
Kwiisepha zolwelo, ii-cationic surfactants zisebenza njengee-surfactants ezincedisayo, oko kukuthi, izixhobo zokulungisa ezine-dosage ephantsi kwiifomyula. Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-high‑iimveliso zokugqibela, ingakumbi iishampu. Ii-surfactants zeCationic azinakuhlanganiswa ngokuthe ngqo nee-surfactants ze-anionic. Nangona iziphumo ezilungileyo zinokubakho xa kusenziwa i-cation.‑xa i-anionic compounding iphezulu, kukho umngcipheko omkhulu wemvula (i-crystallization).
Ii-surfactants ezininzi ze-cationic zisetyenziswa kwiishampu ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kakhulu kuhlobo olunye okanye ezimbini ezithile; zihlala zenziwe ii-agents ze-conditioner zorhwebo. Ii-surfactants ze-cationic zithatha inxalenye encinci yemveliso iyonke ye-surfactant kwaye zihlala zibiza kakhulu kunezinye iindidi. Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo ze-surfactants, ii-surfactants ze-cationic zibonelela ngesiphumo esibonakalayo se-conditioner kunye nomsebenzi onamandla kakhulu we-bacterial. Nangona zingalunganga kubandakanya ukucoca okubuthathaka, amandla aphantsi okugqwala, ukuhambelana okulinganiselweyo, ukucaphuka okuphezulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu, azinakutshintshwa zezinye ii-surfactants njengezithako ze-conditioner kwi-high ...‑Iisepha zolwelo ezifana neeshampoo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ii-cationic surfactants mazisetyenziswe kuphela njengezinto zokulungisa okanye ii-bactericides.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-06-2026