Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea li-surfactants. Li behiloe ka bongata ba tlhahiso: li-surfactants tsa anionic li etsa 56 %, eseng‑li-surfactant tsa ionic 36 %, li-surfactant tsa amphoteric 5 %, le li-surfactants tsa cationic 3 %.
2. Li-surfactant tsa Anionic
2.1 Sulfonate‑mofuta oa Anionic Surfactants
Li-surfactant tse tloaelehileng tsa mofuta ona li kenyelletsa sodium linear‑alkylbenzene sulfonate le sodiumαolefin sulfonate.
Sodium e otlolohileng‑alkylbenzene sulfonate, e tsejoang hape e le LAS kapa ABS, ke bosweu kapa bo boputsoa‑e mosehla e kang phofo kapa e tiileng e qhibilihang ka metsing. E na le ho qhibiliha ho fokolang ha metsi mochesong o tlase, ka ho qhibiliha ha metsi ka tlase ho 3 mochesong o potolohileng; leha ho le jwalo, e qhibiliha hantle lits'ebetsong tsa surfactant tse kopaneng. E tsitsitse haholo khahlanong le alkalis, li-acid tse qhibilihang le metsi a thata, ka mocheso oa ho bola oa 240℃. Ke tse 10 Tharollo ea % e na le index ea ho halefa ea 5.0, ho bola ha likokoana-hloko tsa 80 %‑90 %, le LD₅₀ea 1300‑2500 mg/kg.
Sodiumαolefin sulfonate, e tsejoang hape e le AOS, e hlaha e le mokelikeli o bosehla o bonaletsang ha e ntse e sebetsa‑dikahare tsa dintho tse 38 %‑40 %, 'me e qhibiliha haholo metsing. E boloka botsitso bo botle holim'a pH e pharaletseng; kamora matsatsi a mararo ho 30℃, sekhahla sa hydrolysis ke 0 ho pH 2, pH 4 le pH 10. E na le ho hlohlona ha letlalo ho tlase, 100 % ea ho bola ha likokoana-hloko, le LD₅₀ea 1300‑2400 mg/kg.
Hangata LAS ha e sebelisoe ka har'a li-shampoo 'me ha e eketsoe hangata ka har'a li-gel tsa shaoara. E sebelisoa haholo lisepeng tsa metsi tsa ho hlatsoetsa liaparo le lijaneng.‑Metsi a ho hlatsoa. Ka sejaneng‑Ha ho hlatsuoa metsi, LAS e ka etsa hoo e ka bang halofo ea kakaretso ea lintho tse nang le surfactant; lisepa tsa metsi tse hlatsuoang, karolo ea eona e ka fetoloa ho latela mefuta e mengata e sebetsang.
LAS e bontša ho qhibiliha ho hotle ha metsi haholo-holo mochesong o phahameng (mohlala, 60℃) kapa ha e kopantswe le di-surfactants tse ding. Sistimi e tlwaelehileng ya metsoako ya ternary bakeng sa sejana‑Metsi a ho hlatsoa ke“LAS‑AES‑FFA""Bakeng sa sesepa sa metsi sa ho hlatswa diaparo, metsoako e tloaelehileng e kenyeletsa“LAS‑setsi sa sesepa‑η·SAA""Ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore ho kopanya LAS ka kotloloho le tse seng tsa‑alkanolamide ea ionic surfactant e kanna ea se hlahise liphetho tse khotsofatsang;“LAS‑FFA""Sistimi ha e tsitsa, e na le ho teteana ho tlase mme e bopa ponahalo e tšoeu jwalo ka lebese.
LAS ke eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa‑bophahamo ba modumo (290 kt/a) le surfactant ea maiketsetso e theko e tlaase ka ho fetisisa. Har'a tse holimo‑Li-surfactants tse hlano tsa maiketsetso ka tlhahiso, LAS e na le theko e tlase ka ho fetisisa, e bapisoang le metheo ea sesepa (mafura‑sesepa sa asiti) hara di-surfactants tse tlwaelehileng tsa anionic. Melemo ya yona e hlahelletseng ke botsitso bo botle, detergent e matla le theko e tlase; bothata ba yona bo boholo ke ho teneha ho hoholo.
Har'a sulfonate‑Li-surfactants tsa sehlopha, AOS e fana ka ts'ebetso e ntle ka ho fetisisa. E boloka kapa e eketsa melemo ea li-sulfonate tse akaretsang ha e ntse e qoba mefokolo ea tsona. AOS ke e 'ngoe ea li-surfactants tsa mantlha tse sebelisoang khafetsa ka har'a li-shampoo le li-gel tsa shaoara. Tšebeliso ea eona lisepa tse ling tsa metsi e tla atoloha butle-butle ha tlhahiso ea malapeng e ntse e fetoha le ho theola theko ea eona. Matla a eona a bohlokoa a kenyelletsa botsitso bo botle, ho qhibiliha ha metsi hantle, ho lumellana hantle, ho halefa hanyane le ho bola ha likokoana-hloko ho ikhethang. Bofokoli ba eona bo boholo ke theko ea eona e phahameng haholo har'a li-surfactants tsa anionic.
2.2 Sulfate‑mofuta oa Anionic Surfactants
Li-surfactant tse tloaelehileng sehlopheng sena ke sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate le sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, eo hape e bitsoang AES kapa alcohol ether sulfate, e qhibiliha habonolo ka metsing. Ha e le 70 % e sebetsang‑dikahare tsa ntho, ke ntho e bosootho bo lefifi‑e mosehla e nang le viscous (e semi‑e bonaletsang) mokelikeli. Botsitso ba eona bo tlase ho ba sulfonate e tloaelehileng. E haella ka potlako ka tlase ho pH 4 empa e na le botsitso bo botle ba hydrolytic tlas'a maemo a alkaline. Kamora tse tharo‑polokelo ea letsatsi ka 30℃, sekhahla sa eona sa hydrolysis se fihla ho 100 %, 50 % le 0 ho pH 2, pH 4 le pH 10 ka ho latellana. E baka ho teneha ho fokolang, ka index ea ho teneha ea 2.3 bakeng sa 10 ea eona Tharollo ea %, e fihlella ho feta 90 % ho bola ha diphedi, mme e na le LD₅₀ea 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, e tsejoang hape e le AS, K12, coconut alcohol sulfate kapa sodium lauryl sulfate (sesebelisoa se etsang foam), e qhibiliha ka metsing ka ho qhibiliha ha hoo e ka bang 15 ho 25.℃, e ka tlase ho ea AES. Ha e na kutlo ho alkalis le metsi a thata, empa ha e tsitse haholo tlas'a maemo a asiti ho feta sulfonate e akaretsang (e bapisoang le AES).‑ho futhumatsa ha nako e telele ha hoa lokela ho feta 95℃E bontša ho teneha ho itekanetseng har'a li-surfactants; index ea ho teneha ea 10 ea eona Tharollo ea % ke 3.3, e phahame ho feta AES 'me e tlase ho feta LAS, ka LD₅₀ea 1300 mg/kg.
AES e ka sebelisoa ka shampoo, li-gel tsa shaoara, le lijana‑diedi tse hlatswang le sesepa sa metsi sa ho hlatswa diaparo. Moo ditlhaloso tsa pH ya sehlahiswa di dumellang, pH e lokela ho phahamiswa ka moo ho kgonehang ho ba e sa nke lehlakore kapa e fokolang.‑maemo a alkaline. Ha AES e tlameha ho sebelisoa ka boleng bo tlase ba pH (joalo ka ho shampoo), mofuta oa eona oa letsoai la ethanolamine hangata o amoheloa. AES e na le metsi a betere‑ho qhibiliha ho feta AS mme ho ka etsoa ditharollo tse bonaletsang tsa metsi ka tekanyo efe kapa efe mochesong wa kamore. Ha ho bapiswa le LAS, AES e na le tshebediso e pharaletseng disefeng tse metsi le ho tsamaellana hantle; e ka etsa ditharollo tse bonaletsang tsa metsi ka binary kapa multi‑ho kopanya likarolo le li-surfactant tse ngata. E behiloe boemong ba boraro ka bongata ba tlhahiso har'a li-surfactant tsa maiketsetso, AES e bitsa chelete e ka tlase ho AS; ka 2002, theko ea 70 % AES e ne e eme ho 8500 Yuan ka tonne. AES e ananeloa ka lebaka la ho teneha ho fokolang, ho qhibiliha hantle ha metsi, ho lumellana hantle le ts'ebetso e ntle ho thibeleng letlalo le omileng le le thata. Bothata ba eona ke ho se tsitse ho itekanetseng mecheng ea asiti—pH e lokela ho bolokoa hantle kaholimo ho 4—'me detergent ea eona e fokola ho feta LAS le AS.
Ha AS e kentsoe ka har'a sesepa sa metsi, pH e lokela ho laoloa ho qoba asiti e feteletseng. Bakeng sa shampoo le shaoara‑metsoako ea gel, letsoai la eona la ethanolamine kapa ammonium lia hlokahala. Matsoai a ethanolamine ha a ntlafatse asiti feela‑botsitso ba khanyetso empa hape bo thusa ho fokotsa ho teneha; Tharollo ea letsoai la triethanolamine ea % e fana ka index ea ho teneha ea 3.0. AS ha e sebelisoe hangata lijong‑Metsi a ho hlatsoa 'me ha se hangata a sebetsang e le surfactant ea mantlha (tekanyo e tlase ea metsoako), haholo-holo hobane e eketsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso 'me lihlahisoa tse joalo ha li na tlhoko e kholo ea matla a foam. AS e maemong a bohlano tlhahisong har'a li-surfactant tsa maiketsetso 'me e theko e phahameng; sehlopha sa eona sa phofo se rekisoa ho 15000 Yuan ka tonne ka 2002. Ntle le bokgoni bo phahameng ba ho fofonela le ho thibela ho bola ho matla, AS e sebetsa hantle haholo AES dikarolong tse ngata tsa tshebetso: botsitso ba yona ba asiti bo fokola hanyane, ho teneha ha yona ho hodimo haholo (ho tlase feela ho LAS), mme e na le theko e hodimo hara di-surfactants tse tlwaelehileng tsa anionic.
3.Sesebelisoa sa ho chencha se seng sa ionic
Mefuta e meholo ea tse seng‑Li-surfactant tsa ionic li kenyelletsa alkanolamide (FFA), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), le alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE kapa OP).‑Li-surfactant tsa ionic li na le ho qhibiliha ho hoholo, ho hloekisa, ts'ebetso ea antistatic, ho halefa ho tlase le kalaka e ntle.‑Bokhoni ba ho qhalanya sesepa. Mefuta ea tsona ea pH e sebetsang e pharaletse ho feta ea li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tsa ionic. Ntle le matla a ho hloekisa le a ho foamisa, thepa ea tsona e meng hangata e phahametse li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tsa anionic. Liteko li bontša hore ho eketsa palo e nyane ea tse seng‑ionic surfactant ho sistimi ea ionic surfactant e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea bokaholimo ba sistimi, ha e bapisoa le ts'ebetso e tšoanang.‑dikahare tsa dintho.
Li-alkanolamides ke sehlopha sa tse seng tsa‑Li-surfactant tsa ionic tse nang le ts'ebetso e ikhethang, boholo ba ts'ebeliso le tšebeliso e phahameng khafetsa, 'me hangata li sebelisoa lisepeng tse fapaneng tsa metsi.‑Mefuta e sebelisitsoeng ea li-alkanolamides ka har'a sesepa sa metsi ke“2:1 amide""le“1.5:1 amide""; “1:1 amide""e ka boela ea sebelisoa. Mekhahlelo ena e meraro e fapana ka metsi‑ho qhibiliha le tshebetso ya ho teteana. Ka kakaretso,“1.5:1 amide""e na le thepa e itekanetseng 'me e sebelisoa haholo ho sesepa sa ho hlatsoa lijana. Ka tloaelo,“1:1 amide""e qhibiliha habonolo feela ha e kopantsoe le metsi a mang‑Li-surfactant tse qhibilihang. Li-alkanolamides li loketse haholoanyane bakeng sa sesepa sa alkaline 'me li ka boela tsa sebelisoa le sesepa sa asiti e bonolo. Alkanolamide ke eona e tlaase ka ho fetisisa‑theko e fapaneng har'a tse seng‑li-surfactant tsa ionic, ka theko ea 7,800 RMB ka tonne ka 2002. Li-alkanolamides li sebelisoa khafetsa ho feta li-ether tsa polyoxyethylene tse nang le joala bo mafura ka har'a sesepa sa metsi. Li-alkanolamides ha li na thuso.‑Li-surfactant tsa ionic tse sebelisoang khafetsa ka har'a li-shampoo. Mabaka a ka bang teng ke a latelang: FFA e fana ka mesebetsi e felletseng kapa e phahameng ho feta AE; Lihlahisoa tsa FFA li theko e tlase ho feta AE; FFA e na le ho qhibiliha ho betere ho feta AE; FFA e sebetsa hantle ho feta AE ka bokhoni ba ho ntša foam.
4.Li-surfactant tsa Amphoteric
Li-surfactant tsa Amphoteric li na le lihlopha tsa anionic le cationic hydrophilic. Ka hona, li sebetsa joaloka lintho tsa cationic litharollong tse nang le asiti, lintho tsa anionic litharollong tsa alkaline, 'me ha li bontše‑ionic‑joalo ka thepa litharollong tse sa nke lehlakore. Li-surfactant tsa Amphoteric li qhibiliha habonolo metsing, litharollong tsa asiti e kopaneng le alkali, esita le tse kopaneng tse sa pheleng‑ditharollo tsa letsoai. Di ithorisa ka thata e ntle‑ho hanyetsa metsi, ho se halefe ha letlalo, ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho nolofatsa masela, thepa e ntle ea ho thibela ho se fetohe ha static, litlamorao tse utloahalang tsa ho bolaea libaktheria, le ho lumellana hantle le li-surfactants tse fapaneng.
Lihlahisoa tse joalo li ka sebelisoa ho pholletsa le mefuta e mengata ea pH. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho ahloloa ho latela maemo a tsona a ionic tlas'a asiti e fapaneng‑maemong a motheo, li sebetsa hantle tlas'a maemo a asiti le a sa nke lehlakore ho feta tlas'a maemo a alkaline. Ka kakaretso, li-surfactants tsa amphoteric li theko e boima ho feta tse seng tsa‑li-surfactant tsa ionic.
Mefuta ea bohlokoa ea li-surfactants tsa amphoteric e kenyelletsa dodecyl dimethyl betaine le carboxylate.‑mofuta oa imidazoline. Ha e bapisoa le li-surfactants tsa anionic, ha li na‑Li-surfactant tsa ionic li na le thepa e felletseng haholoanyane ka mefokolo e fokolang, li fokola feela ka matla a detergent le a foam. Ha li behiloe khahlanong le tse seng tsa‑Li-surfactants tsa ionic, li-surfactants tsa amphoteric li ipabola ka thepa e itseng 'me lia li bapisa le tse ling. Li-surfactants tsa amphoteric li na le bokhoni bo matla ba ho ntša foam ho feta tse tloaelehileng tse sa tloaelehang.‑li-surfactants tsa ionic (AE e na le bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho ntša foam), matla a matla a ho bolaea libaktheria ha a bapisoa le a seng‑li-surfactants tsa ionic le anionic, le ts'ebetso e betere ea ho lokisa letlalo. Ka hona, lisefeng tse metsi, li-surfactants tsa amphoteric li sebelisoa haholo-holo ka li-shampoo, li lateloa ke li-cleaners tsa letlalo tse kang li-washer tsa 'mele.
Li-surfactant tse tloaelehileng tsa cationic li kenyelletsa hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C).‑14S), panthenol ea cationic, oli ea silicone ea cationic, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB)‑2), joalo-joalo. Ho fapana le li-surfactants tse ling, li-surfactants tsa cationic li na le matla a fokolang a ho hloekisa le ho fofonela, 'me li na le chefo e nyane e halefisang.
Lisepaneng tse metsi, li-surfactants tsa cationic li sebetsa e le li-surfactants tse thusang, e leng likarolo tsa ho lokisa tse nang le tekanyo e tlase mefuteng. Hangata li sebelisoa maemong a phahameng.‑lihlahisoa tsa ho qetela, haholo-holo li-shampoo. Li-surfactants tsa cationic li ke ke tsa kopanngoa ka ho toba le li-surfactants tsa anionic. Leha ho le joalo, liphello tse ntle li ka hlaha ha ho sebelisoa cation.‑Ka lebaka la ho kopanngoa ha anionic, ho na le kotsi e kholo ea pula (kristalisation).
Li-surfactants tse ngata tsa cationic li sebelisoa ka har'a li-shampoo ntle le ho itšetleha haholo ka mofuta o le mong kapa e 'meli e itseng; hangata li etsoa li-agent tsa conditioner tsa khoebo. Li-surfactants tsa cationic li ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e nyane ea tlhahiso eohle ea surfactant 'me hangata li bitsa chelete e ngata ho feta lihlopha tse ling. Har'a mefuta eohle ea li-surfactants, li-surfactants tsa cationic li fana ka phello e hlahelletseng ea conditioner le ts'ebetso e matla ea ho bolaea libaktheria. Ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ea tsona ho kenyeletsoa le ho hloekisa ho fokolang, bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho fofonela, ho lumellana ho fokolang, ho halefa ho phahameng le litšenyehelo tse phahameng, li ke ke tsa nkeloa sebaka ke li-surfactants tse ling e le metsoako ea conditioner maemong a phahameng.‑disepa tsa metsi tse qetellang tse kang di-shampoo. Hoa hlokomeleha hore di-surfactants tsa cationic di lokela ho sebediswa feela e le dikarolo tsa ho lokisa kapa dibolaya dibaktheria.
Nako ea poso: Phato-06-2026