Nui nā ʻano surfactants. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka nui o ka hana: ʻo 56 ka nui o nā anionic surfactants %, ʻaʻole-nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic 36 %, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe amphoteric 5 %, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe cationic 3 %.
2. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anionic
2.1 Sulfonate-ʻano Anionic Surfactants
ʻO nā surfactants maʻamau o kēia ʻano e komo pū me ka sodium linear-alkylbenzene sulfonate a me ka sodiumα-ʻolefin sulfonate.
ʻO ka laina sodium-ʻO ka alkylbenzene sulfonate, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo LAS a i ʻole ABS, he keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele paha-pauka melemele a i ʻole ka paʻa ʻōpala e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Hōʻike ia i ka solubility wai maikaʻi ʻole i nā mahana haʻahaʻa, me ka solubility wai ma lalo o 3 i ka mahana ambient; akā naʻe, hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ia i nā ʻōnaehana surfactant i hui pū ʻia. He kūpaʻa ia e kūʻē i nā alkalis, nā waikawa dilute a me ka wai paʻakikī, me ka mahana decomposition o 240℃. He 10 ia ʻO ka % o ka hopena he helu hoʻonāukiuki o 5.0, ʻo ka biodegradability microbial o 80 %-90 %, a me kahi LD₅₀o 1300-2500 mg/kg.
Sodiumα-ʻike ʻia ka olefin sulfonate, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo AOS, ma ke ʻano he wai melemele moakaka ma kahi hana ikaika-ka nui o nā mea o 38 %-40 %, a he mea hoʻoheheʻe loa ia i ka wai. Mālama ia i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi ma luna o kahi pae pH ākea; ma hope o ʻekolu lā ma 30℃, ʻo ka helu hydrolysis he 0 ma ka pH 2, pH 4 a me ka pH 10. He haʻahaʻa kona hoʻonāukiuki ʻili, 100 % microbial biodegradability, a me kahi LD₅₀o 1300-2400 mg/kg.
ʻAʻole hoʻohana nui ʻia ka LAS i nā shampoos a kākaʻikahi ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana i nā gels ʻauʻau. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā wai holoi lole a me nā kīʻaha.-nā wai holoi. I loko o ke kīʻaha-No nā wai holoi, hiki i ka LAS ke hana i ka hapalua o ka nui o ka surfactant; i loko o nā wai holoi lole, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kona ʻāpana ma kahi ākea ākea.
Hōʻike ʻo LAS i ka solubility wai maikaʻi ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (e laʻa me 60℃) a i ʻole i ka wā i hui pū ʻia me kekahi mau surfactants ʻē aʻe. He ʻōnaehana hui ternary maʻamau no ka pā-nā wai holoi"LAS-AES-FFA"No nā wai holoi lole, nā ʻano hui maʻamau e komo pū me"LAS-kumu kopa‐η·SAA"Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka hui pololei ʻana o LAS me ka non-ʻAʻole paha e hāʻawi ka ionic surfactant alkanolamide i nā hopena kūpono; ka"LAS-FFA"ʻaʻole paʻa ka ʻōnaehana, haʻahaʻa ka mānoanoa a he ʻano keʻokeʻo e like me ka waiū.
ʻO LAS ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa-ka nui (290 kt/a) a me ka surfactant synthetic makepono loa. Ma waena o nā mea kiʻekiʻe-ʻelima mau surfactants synthetic ma ka hopena, ʻo LAS ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kumu kopa (momona-nā kopa ʻakika) ma waena o nā surfactants anionic maʻamau. ʻO kona mau pono koʻikoʻi he kūpaʻa maikaʻi, detergent ikaika a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa; ʻo kona hemahema nui ka huhū nui.
Ma waena o ka sulfonate-ʻo nā surfactants papa, hāʻawi ʻo AOS i ka hana maikaʻi loa. Mālama ia a hoʻonui paha i nā pono o nā sulfonates maʻamau me ka pale ʻana i ko lākou mau hemahema. ʻO AOS kekahi o nā surfactants mua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā shampoos a me nā gels ʻauʻau. E hoʻonui mālie ʻia kāna hoʻohana ʻana i nā detergents wai ʻē aʻe i ka wā e kūloko ai ka hana kūloko a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona kumukūʻai. ʻO kona mau ikaika nui e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa, ka solubility wai maikaʻi, ka hoʻohālikelike kūpono, ka huhū haʻahaʻa a me ka biodegradability microbial maikaʻi loa. ʻO kona nāwaliwali nui kona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā surfactants anionic.
2.2 Sulfate-ʻano Anionic Surfactants
ʻO nā surfactants maʻamau i kēia māhele he sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate a me sodium dodecyl sulfate.
ʻO ka sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo AES a i ʻole ka alcohol ether sulfate, hoʻoheheʻe maʻalahi i ka wai. Ma 70 % hana-ka nui o ka mea, he palale ia-melemele mānoanoa (hapa ʻāpana-wai moakaka. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona kūpaʻa ma mua o nā sulfonates maʻamau. Hoʻoheheʻe koke ia ma lalo o ka pH 4 akā loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa hydrolytic maikaʻi ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline. Ma hope o ʻekolu-ka mālama ʻana i nā lā ma 30℃, hiki i kona mau helu hydrolysis i 100 %, 50 % a me 0 ma ka pH 2, pH 4 a me ka pH 10 kēlā me kēia. Hoʻonāukiuki iki ia, me kahi helu hoʻonāukiuki o 2.3 no kāna 10 hoʻonā pakeneka, hoʻokō ma luna o 90 % biodegradation, a he LD kona₅₀o 1800 mg/kg.
ʻO ka sodium dodecyl sulfate, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo AS, K12, ka waiʻona niu sulfate a i ʻole sodium lauryl sulfate (mea hoʻopūhū), hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai me ka solubility ma kahi o 15 ma 25℃, haʻahaʻa ma mua o ko AES. ʻAʻole ia e pili i nā alkalis a me ka wai paʻakikī, akā ʻaʻole paʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic ma mua o nā sulfonates maʻamau (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AES). Lōʻihi-ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka hoʻomehana ʻana ma mua o 95℃. Hōʻike ia i ka huhū kaulike ma waena o nā surfactants; ʻo ka helu hoʻonāukiuki o kāna 10 ʻO ka % o ka hopena he 3.3, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o AES a haʻahaʻa ma mua o LAS, me kahi LD₅₀o 1300 mg/kg.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo AES i nā shampoos, nā gels ʻauʻau, nā kīʻaha-nā wai holoi a me nā wai holoi lole. Ma kahi e ʻae ai nā kikoʻī pH huahana, pono e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka pH e like me ka hiki i ka neutral a nāwaliwali paha-nā pae alkaline. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo AES ma nā waiwai pH haʻahaʻa (e like me nā shampoos), hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kona ʻano paʻakai ethanolamine. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wai o AES-ʻoi aku ka solubility ma mua o AS a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā hopena wai moakaka ma kekahi ʻano ma ka mahana o ka lumi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me LAS, hauʻoli ʻo AES i ka hoʻohana ākea i nā detergents wai a me ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi loa; hiki iā ia ke hana i nā hopena wai moakaka ma o ka binary a i ʻole multi-ke kāwili ʻana i nā ʻāpana me nā surfactants he nui. ʻO ke kolu o ka nui o ka hana ma waena o nā surfactants synthetic, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai o AES ma mua o AS; i ka makahiki 2002, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o 70 Ua kū ka % AES ma 8500 yuan no ka tona. Ua waiwai ʻia ʻo AES no ka huhū haʻahaʻa, ka solubility wai maikaʻi, ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi loa a me ka hana maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻili maloʻo a ʻāʻī. ʻO kona hemahema ka paʻa ʻole o ka paʻa ʻana i nā media acidic—Pono e mālama ʻia ka pH ma luna o 4—a ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o kona detergent ma mua o LAS a me AS.
Ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo AS i loko o nā mea holoi wai, pono e kāohi ʻia ka pH medium e pale aku i ka nui o ka acidity. No ka shampoo a me ka ʻauʻau-nā ʻano hana gel, pono kona ethanolamine a i ʻole nā paʻakai ammonium. ʻAʻole wale nā paʻakai Ethanolamine e hoʻonui i ka waikawa-kūpaʻa kūpaʻa akā kōkua pū kekahi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka huhū; ka 10 Hāʻawi ka % triethanolamine salt solution i kahi helu hoʻonāukiuki o 3.0. ʻAʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo AS i loko o ka kīʻaha-nā wai holoi a kākaʻikahi ka lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he surfactant mua (haʻahaʻa ka dosage i nā formulations), ʻoiai no ka mea e hoʻonui ana i nā kumukūʻai hana a ʻaʻohe koi nui o ia mau huahana no ka mana foaming. ʻO AS ka helu ʻelima ma ka hana ma waena o nā surfactants synthetic a kauoha i ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe; kūʻai ʻia kona ʻano pauka ma 15000 yuan no ka tona i ka makahiki 2002. Ma waho aʻe o ka hiki ke hoʻohua kiʻekiʻe a me ka detergent ikaika, hana maikaʻi ʻole ʻo AS ma mua o AES ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hana: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o kona kūpaʻa waikawa, kiʻekiʻe kona huhū (ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o LAS), a ʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā surfactants anionic maʻamau.
3.ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole-ionic
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā mea ʻole-ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic e komo pū me ka alkanolamide (FFA), ka waiʻona momona polyoxyethylene ether (AE), a me ka alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE a i ʻole OP). ʻAʻole-Loaʻa i nā surfactants ionic ka solubilization maikaʻi loa, detergent, hana antistatic, hoʻonāukiuki haʻahaʻa, a me ka lime maikaʻi-ka hiki ke hoʻopuehu i ke kopa. ʻOi aku ka laulā o ko lākou pae pH kūpono ma mua o nā surfactants ionic maʻamau. Koe wale nō ka detergent a me ka mana foaming, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou mau waiwai ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā surfactants anionic maʻamau. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua e hoʻohui ana i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka non-hiki i ka ionic surfactant i kahi ʻōnaehana ionic surfactant ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ʻili o ka ʻōnaehana, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma ka hana like.-ka nui o ka mea.
ʻO nā Alkanolamides kahi papa o nā mea ʻaʻole-nā surfactants ionic me ka hana koʻikoʻi, ka laulā o ka noi a me ke alapine kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā detergents wai like ʻole. ʻO ka mea maʻamau-ʻO nā papa i hoʻohana ʻia o nā alkanolamides i loko o nā detergents wai"ʻAmida 2:1"a me"1.5:1 ʻamida"; "1:1 ʻamida"hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia. ʻOkoʻa kēia mau papa ʻekolu i ka wai-ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka hana mānoanoa. Ma ke ʻano laulā,"1.5:1 ʻamida"he mau waiwai kaulike a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea holoi kīʻaha. ʻO ka maʻamau,"1:1 ʻamida"hoʻoheheʻe koke ʻia ke hui pū ʻia me nā wai ʻē aʻe-nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai. ʻOi aku ka kūpono o nā Alkanolamides no nā mea holoi alkaline a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā mea holoi waikawa iki. ʻO Alkanolamide ka haʻahaʻa loa-nā ʻano kumukūʻai like ʻole ma waena o nā mea ʻole-nā surfactants ionic, me ke kumukūʻai o 7,800 RMB no ka tona i ka makahiki 2002. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Alkanolamides ma mua o nā polyoxyethylene ethers wai momona i loko o nā detergents wai. ʻO nā Alkanolamides nā mea ʻole-nā surfactants ionic i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i loko o nā shampoos. Eia nā kumu hiki ke loaʻa: Hāʻawi ʻo FFA i nā hana piha a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o AE; ʻOi aku ka makepono o nā huahana FFA ma mua o AE; ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka solubility o FFA ma mua o AE; ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka FFA ma mua o AE i ka hiki ke hoʻohua.
Loaʻa i nā surfactants Amphoteric nā hui hydrophilic anionic a me cationic. No laila, hana lākou e like me nā mea cationic i nā hopena acidic, nā mea anionic i nā hopena alkaline, a hōʻike i nā mea ʻole-ʻionic-e like me nā waiwai i nā hopena kūlike ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maʻalahi ʻia nā surfactants Amphoteric i ka wai, nā hopena waikawa a me nā hopena alkali i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a me nā mea inorganic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia-nā hopena paʻakai. Haʻaheo lākou i ka paʻakikī maikaʻi-ke kūpaʻa wai, ka huhū haʻahaʻa o ka ʻili, ka hana palupalu lole maikaʻi loa, nā waiwai antistatic maikaʻi, nā hopena bactericidal leo, a me ke kūlike kiʻekiʻe me nā surfactants like ʻole.
Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēlā mau huahana ma luna o kahi pae pH ākea. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻoholo nei mai ko lākou mau kūlana ionic ma lalo o nā waikawa like ʻole-nā kūlana kumu, hana maikaʻi lākou ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic a me neutral ma mua o nā kūlana alkaline. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā surfactants amphoteric ma mua o nā mea ʻole-nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ionic.
ʻO nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants amphoteric e komo pū me ka dodecyl dimethyl betaine a me ka carboxylate-ʻano imidazolines. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants anionic, ʻaʻole-ʻOi aku ka piha o nā waiwai o nā surfactants ionic me nā drawbacks liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka detergent a me ka mana foaming. Ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia e kūʻē i nā mea ʻole-ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā surfactants ionic, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā surfactants amphoteric i kekahi mau waiwai a kūlike me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka hiki ke hoʻohua i nā surfactants amphoteric ma mua o nā mea maʻamau-nā surfactants ionic (ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohua maikaʻi ʻole ʻo AE), mana bactericidal ikaika e pili ana i nā mea ʻole-nā surfactants ionic a me anionic, a me ka hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi aʻe. No laila, i loko o nā detergents wai, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā surfactants amphoteric i nā shampoos, ukali ʻia e nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻili e like me nā holoi kino.
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe cationic maʻamau e loaʻa ana ka hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, ʻaila silicone cationic, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2), a pēlā aku. ʻOkoʻa mai nā surfactants ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka detergent a me ka mana hoʻohua o nā surfactants cationic, a hoʻopuka iki i ka ʻawahia hoʻonāukiuki.
I loko o nā mea holoi wai, lawelawe nā surfactants cationic ma ke ʻano he surfactants kōkua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻāpana hoʻomaʻamaʻa me ka dosage haʻahaʻa i nā formulations. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-nā huahana hope loa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā shampoos. ʻAʻole hiki ke hui pololei ʻia nā surfactants cationic me nā surfactants anionic. ʻOiai hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ma luna o ka cation-i ka hui ʻana o ka anionic, aia kahi pilikia kiʻekiʻe o ka ua (crystallisation).
Hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants cationic he nui i loko o nā shampoos me ka hilinaʻi nui ʻole i hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau ʻano kikoʻī; hoʻohui pinepine ʻia lākou i loko o nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa kalepa. ʻO nā surfactants cationic he hapa liʻiliʻi o ka huina o ka surfactant output a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o nā ʻano surfactants āpau, hāʻawi nā surfactants cationic i ka hopena hoʻomaʻamaʻa koʻikoʻi loa a me ka hana bactericidal ikaika loa. ʻOiai ko lākou mau hemahema e like me ka detergent nāwaliwali, ka hiki ke hoʻohua maikaʻi ʻole, ka hoʻohālikelike palena, ka huhū kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā surfactants ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kiʻekiʻe.-nā mea holoi wai e like me nā shampoos. He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants cationic ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa a i ʻole nā bactericides.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Aug-06-2026