Muaj ntau hom surfactants. Ranked los ntawm qhov ntau lawm: anionic surfactants suav rau 56 %, tsis yog-cov tshuaj ionic surfactants 36 %, amphoteric surfactants 5 %, thiab cov tshuaj cationic surfactants 3 %.
2. Cov tshuaj Anionic Surfactants
2.1 Sulfonate-hom Anionic Surfactants
Cov surfactants feem ntau ntawm hom no suav nrog sodium linear-alkylbenzene sulfonate thiab sodiumα-olefin sulfonate.
Sodium linear-alkylbenzene sulfonate, tseem hu ua LAS lossis ABS, yog xim dawb lossis daj ntseg-Cov khoom daj daj los yog cov khoom tawg yooj yim yaj hauv dej. Nws tsis yaj hauv dej thaum kub qis, thiab nws yaj hauv dej qis dua 3 thaum kub ib puag ncig; txawm li cas los xij, nws yaj zoo hauv cov tshuaj surfactant sib xyaw. Nws ruaj khov tiv taus alkalis, dilute acids thiab dej tawv, thiab qhov kub ntawm kev lwj yog 240 degrees.℃Nws yog 10 % cov tshuaj muaj qhov ntsuas kev khaus ntawm 5.0, microbial biodegradability ntawm 80 %-90 %, thiab LD₅₀ntawm 1300-2500 mg/kg.
Sodiumα-olefin sulfonate, alias AOS, tshwm sim ua kua daj pob tshab ntawm qhov nquag-cov ntsiab lus ntawm 38 %-40 %, thiab yaj tau zoo heev hauv dej. Nws tswj tau qhov ruaj khov zoo ntawm ntau yam pH; tom qab peb hnub ntawm 30℃, tus nqi hydrolysis yog 0 ntawm pH 2, pH 4 thiab pH 10. Nws muaj kev khaus tawv nqaij tsawg, 100 % kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kab mob me me, thiab LD₅₀ntawm 1300-2400 mg/kg.
Feem ntau LAS tsis siv rau hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab tsis tshua muaj ntxiv rau cov tshuaj da dej. Nws siv dav hauv cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab cov tais diav.-cov kua ntxuav tais diav. Hauv tais diav-cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws, LAS tuaj yeem ua rau kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov surfactant; hauv cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws, nws qhov sib piv tuaj yeem hloov kho tau thoob plaws ntau yam kev siv.
LAS qhia tau tias nws yaj tau zoo hauv dej feem ntau ntawm qhov kub siab (piv txwv li 60℃) lossis thaum sib xyaw nrog qee yam surfactants. Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ternary rau lub tais-cov kua ntxuav yog"LAS-AES-FFA"Rau cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws, cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke suav nrog"LAS-xab npum puag‑η·SAA"Yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev sib xyaw ncaj qha ntawm LAS nrog cov tsis yog-ionic surfactant alkanolamide tej zaum yuav tsis muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo; tus"LAS-FFA"Lub kaw lus tsis ruaj khov, muaj cov viscosity qis thiab ua rau muaj cov tsos dawb zoo li mis nyuj.
LAS yog qhov siab tshaj plaws-ntim (290 kt/a) thiab cov tshuaj surfactant pheej yig tshaj plaws. Ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus-tsib lub tshuaj surfactants tsim los ntawm cov zis, LAS muaj tus nqi qis tshaj plaws, piv rau cov xab npum hauv paus (rog)-Cov xab npum kua qaub) ntawm cov tshuaj anionic surfactants ib txwm muaj. Nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo yog kev ruaj khov zoo, muaj zog ntxuav thiab pheej yig; nws qhov tsis zoo yog kev khaus heev.
Nrog rau cov sulfonate-cov tshuaj surfactants hauv chav kawm, AOS muab kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Nws khaws lossis ua kom zoo dua qhov zoo ntawm cov sulfonates dav dav thaum zam lawv cov teeb meem. AOS yog ib qho ntawm cov surfactants tseem ceeb uas siv ntau hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab cov tshuaj da dej. Nws daim ntawv thov hauv lwm cov tshuaj ntxuav dej yuav maj mam nthuav dav thaum kev tsim khoom hauv tsev hauv zos thiab txo nws tus nqi. Nws lub zog tseem ceeb suav nrog kev ruaj khov zoo heev, kev yaj dej zoo, kev sib raug zoo, kev khaus tsawg thiab kev puas tsuaj rau cov kab mob me me. Nws qhov tsis muaj zog tseem ceeb yog nws tus nqi siab ntawm cov surfactants anionic.
2.2 Sulfate-hom Anionic Surfactants
Cov surfactants ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv pawg no yog sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate thiab sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, tseem hu ua AES lossis cawv ether sulfate, yaj yooj yim hauv dej. Ntawm 70 % nquag ua haujlwm-cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom, nws yog xim dawb-daj nplaum (ib nrab-pob tshab) kua. Nws qhov kev ruaj khov qis dua li ntawm cov sulfonates feem ntau. Nws hydrolyses sai sai hauv qab pH 4 tseem muaj kev ruaj khov hydrolytic zoo nyob rau hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob. Tom qab peb-kev ruaj ntseg hauv 30 hnub℃, nws cov nqi hydrolysis ncav cuag 100 %, 50 % thiab 0 ntawm pH 2, pH 4 thiab pH 10 feem. Nws ua rau mob me ntsis, nrog rau qhov ntsuas mob ntawm 2.3 rau nws 10 % kev daws teeb meem, ua tiav ntau dua 90 % biodegradation, thiab muaj LD₅₀ntawm xyoo 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, tseem hu ua AS, K12, txiv maj phaub cawv sulfate lossis sodium lauryl sulfate (tus neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj), yog soluble hauv dej nrog kev solubility ntawm kwv yees li 15 ntawm 25℃, qis dua li ntawm AES. Nws tsis muaj zog rau alkalis thiab dej tawv, tab sis tsis ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej acidic dua li cov sulfonates dav dav (piv rau AES). Ntev-Lub sijhawm cua sov yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 95℃. Nws ua rau muaj kev khaus me ntsis ntawm cov surfactants; qhov ntsuas kev khaus ntawm nws 10 % kev daws teeb meem yog 3.3, siab dua AES thiab qis dua LAS, nrog rau LD₅₀ntawm 1300 mg/kg.
AES siv tau rau hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau, cov tshuaj da dej, cov tais diav-cov kua ntxuav khaub ncaws thiab cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws. Yog tias cov lus qhia pH ntawm cov khoom tso cai, pH yuav tsum tau tsa kom siab li siab tau kom nruab nrab lossis tsis muaj zog.-cov theem alkaline. Thaum AES yuav tsum tau siv ntawm cov nqi pH qis (zoo li hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau), nws cov ntsev ethanolamine feem ntau raug saws. AES muaj dej zoo dua-solubility dua li AS thiab tuaj yeem tsim ua cov kua dej pob tshab hauv txhua qhov sib piv ntawm chav tsev kub. Piv nrog LAS, AES nyiam daim ntawv thov dav dua hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua thiab kev sib raug zoo dua; nws tuaj yeem tsim cov kua dej pob tshab ntawm binary lossis ntau-kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog ntau yam surfactants. Qeb thib peb hauv qhov ntim ntau lawm ntawm cov surfactants hluavtaws, AES tus nqi qis dua AS; xyoo 2002, tus nqi ntawm 70 % AES sawv ntawm 8500 yuan ib tonne. AES muaj nqis rau qhov tsis khaus, yaj dej zoo, sib xws zoo heev thiab ua tau zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv cov tawv nqaij qhuav thiab ntxhib. Nws qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tsis ruaj khov hauv cov kua qaub nruab nrab—pH yuav tsum khaws cia kom zoo dua 4—thiab nws cov tshuaj ntxuav tsis muaj zog dua li LAS thiab AS.
Thaum AS raug muab tso rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua kua, cov pH nruab nrab yuav tsum tau tswj kom tsis txhob muaj kua qaub ntau dhau. Rau cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab da dej-cov qauv gel, nws cov ethanolamine lossis ammonium ntsev yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Cov ntsev Ethanolamine tsis yog tsuas yog txhim kho cov kua qaub xwb-kev ruaj khov ntawm kev tiv thaiv tab sis kuj pab txo qhov khaus; 10 % cov kua ntsev triethanolamine muab cov ntsuas kev khaus ntawm 3.0. AS tsis tshua siv hauv cov tais diav-Cov kua ntxuav thiab tsis tshua ua haujlwm ua tus thawj surfactant (tsawg koob tshuaj hauv cov qauv), feem ntau vim nws ua rau cov nqi tsim khoom nce siab thiab cov khoom zoo li no tsis muaj kev xav tau rau lub zog ua npuas ncauj. AS qeb thib tsib hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm cov surfactants hluavtaws thiab txib tus nqi siab; nws cov hmoov qib muag ntawm 15000 yuan ib tonne hauv xyoo 2002. Sib nrug los ntawm lub peev xwm ua npuas dej siab thiab lub zog ntxuav, AS ua tsis tau zoo rau AES hauv feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm: nws cov kua qaub tsis ruaj khov me ntsis, nws qhov khaus khaus siab heev (tsuas yog qis dua LAS), thiab nws muaj tus nqi siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov surfactants anionic.
3.Cov tshuaj surfactant uas tsis yog ionic
Cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsis yog-Cov tshuaj ionic surfactants suav nrog alkanolamide (FFA), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), thiab alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE lossis OP). Tsis yog-Cov ionic surfactants muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev solubility, detergency, antistatic kev ua tau zoo, tsis khaus, thiab txiv qaub zoo.-Muaj peev xwm faib xab npum. Lawv qhov pH siv tau dav dua li ntawm cov ionic surfactants feem ntau. Tsuas yog lub zog ntxuav thiab ua npuas dej, lawv lwm yam khoom feem ntau zoo dua li cov anionic surfactants ib txwm muaj. Kev sim qhia tau tias ntxiv me ntsis ntawm cov khoom tsis yog-Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ionic surfactant thiab ionic surfactant rau hauv ionic surfactant system tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub system, thaum piv rau tib qho kev ua haujlwm.-cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom.
Alkanolamides yog ib pawg ntawm cov khoom tsis yog-ionic surfactants nrog kev ua tau zoo heev, daim ntawv thov dav dav thiab kev siv ntau zaus, thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj ntxuav kua. Feem ntau-cov qib alkanolamides siv hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua yog"2:1 amide"thiab"1.5: 1 amide"; "1:1 amide"kuj siv tau. Peb qib no sib txawv hauv dej-kev ua kom yaj tau thiab ua kom tuab. Feem ntau hais lus,"1.5: 1 amide"muaj cov khoom nruab nrab thiab siv dav hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav. Feem ntau,"1:1 amide"yaj yooj yim tsuas yog thaum sib xyaw nrog lwm cov dej-cov surfactants uas yaj tau. Alkanolamides zoo dua rau cov tshuaj ntxuav alkaline thiab kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav uas muaj kua qaub me ntsis. Alkanolamide yog qhov qis tshaj plaws-ntau yam nqi ntawm cov tsis muaj-ionic surfactants, nrog tus nqi ntawm 7,800 RMB ib tuj hauv xyoo 2002. Alkanolamides siv ntau zaus dua li cov roj cawv polyoxyethylene ethers hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua. Alkanolamides yog cov tsis yog-Cov tshuaj ionic surfactants feem ntau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau. Tej zaum yog vim li cas: FFA muab cov haujlwm ntau dua lossis zoo dua li AE; Cov khoom FFA pheej yig dua AE; FFA muaj kev yaj zoo dua li AE; FFA ua tau zoo dua AE hauv kev ua npuas dej.
4.Cov tshuaj amphoteric surfactants
Amphoteric surfactants muaj ob qho tib si anionic thiab cationic hydrophilic pawg. Yog li ntawd, lawv ua raws li cationic tshuaj nyob rau hauv acidic kua, anionic tshuaj nyob rau hauv alkaline kua, thiab qhia tsis-ionic-zoo li cov khoom hauv cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog. Amphoteric surfactants yooj yim yaj hauv dej, cov kua qaub thiab cov kua alkali, thiab txawm tias cov inorganic uas muaj concentrated-cov tshuaj ntsev. Lawv khav theeb zoo-tsis kam dej, tsis ua rau tawv nqaij khaus, ua rau cov ntaub mos zoo heev, muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo antistatic, suab zoo tua cov kab mob, thiab sib xws nrog ntau yam surfactants.
Cov khoom zoo li no tuaj yeem siv tau rau ntau qhov pH. Txawm li cas los xij, txiav txim los ntawm lawv cov xeev ionic nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub sib txawv-Cov xwm txheej hauv paus, lawv ua tau zoo dua nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej acidic thiab nruab nrab dua li nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej alkaline. Feem ntau, amphoteric surfactants kim dua li cov uas tsis yog-cov tshuaj ionic surfactants.
Cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm amphoteric surfactants suav nrog dodecyl dimethyl betaine thiab carboxylate-hom imidazolines. Piv nrog rau anionic surfactants, tsis yog-ionic surfactants muaj cov khoom siv ntau dua nrog tsawg dua qhov tsis zoo, tsuas yog tsis muaj zog hauv kev ntxuav thiab lub zog ua npuas ncauj. Thaum teeb tsa tawm tsam cov tsis yog-Cov tshuaj ionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants ua tau zoo hauv qee yam khoom thiab phim lawv hauv lwm tus. Amphoteric surfactants muaj peev xwm ua npuas ntau dua li cov uas tsis yog ib txwm muaj.-ionic surfactants (AE muaj peev xwm ua npuas dej tsis zoo), muaj zog tua kab mob ntau dua piv rau cov uas tsis yog-cov tshuaj surfactants ionic thiab anionic, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo dua. Yog li ntawd, hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua, cov tshuaj surfactants amphoteric feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau, ua raws li cov tshuaj ntxuav tawv nqaij xws li cov tshuaj ntxuav lub cev.
5.Cov tshuaj Cationic Surfactants
Cov tshuaj cationic surfactants feem ntau muaj xws li hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C)-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic silicone roj, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB)-2), thiab lwm yam. Txawv ntawm lwm cov surfactants, cationic surfactants muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tsis zoo thiab ua npuas dej tsis zoo, thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom me ntsis.
Hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua, cov cationic surfactants ua haujlwm ua cov surfactants pabcuam, uas yog cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nrog cov koob tshuaj tsawg hauv cov qauv. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv cov khoom siv siab-cov khoom kawg, feem ntau yog cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau. Cov tshuaj cationic surfactants tsis tuaj yeem sib xyaw ncaj qha nrog cov tshuaj anionic surfactants. Txawm hais tias cov txiaj ntsig zoo yuav tshwm sim thaum cation-anionic compounding, muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev nag lossis daus (crystallization).
Muaj ntau yam cationic surfactants siv rau hauv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau yam tsis tas yuav siv ntau yam los yog ob hom tshwj xeeb; lawv feem ntau yog tsim los ua cov tshuaj kho kom zoo nkauj. Cationic surfactants suav nrog ib feem me me ntawm tag nrho cov surfactant tso tawm thiab feem ntau kim dua li lwm pawg. Ntawm txhua hom surfactants, cationic surfactants muab cov nyhuv kho kom zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog tshaj plaws rau cov kab mob. Txawm hais tias lawv cov qhov tsis zoo suav nrog kev ntxuav tsis zoo, tsis muaj peev xwm ua npuas dej, tsis sib xws, khaus heev thiab tus nqi siab, lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm lwm cov surfactants ua cov khoom xyaw kho kom zoo nkauj hauv siab.-cov tshuaj ntxuav plaub hau xws li tshuaj zawv plaub hau. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov cationic surfactants tsuas yog siv los ua cov khoom siv kho lossis cov tshuaj tua kab mob.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Yim Hli-06-2026